RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among adolescents aged 9-17 years in a rural Kenyan setting and assessed the influence of selected sociodemographic factors.
Problem Statement: Low self-esteem among adolescents is linked to poor academic performance, social withdrawal, and a higher risk of psychosocial issues. Although existing research shows that parenting styles greatly influence self-esteem, most studies focus on urban populations, with limited evidence from rural areas where family dynamics and environmental factors may differ.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional correlational design was employed. Data were collected from 677 adolescents aged 9-17 years using modified versions of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis to examine relationships and predictive effects.
Results of the Study: Authoritative parenting was the most common style (42.1%), while neglectful parenting was the least frequent (12.1%). Most adolescents reported moderate self-esteem, with 14.5% exhibiting low self-esteem. There was a strong positive correlation between authoritative parenting and self-esteem (r = .542, p < .001), whereas neglectful (r = -.518, p < .001), authoritarian (r = -.385, p < .001), and permissive (r = -.276, p < .001) parenting styles were significantly negatively associated. Regression analysis identified authoritative parenting as the strongest positive predictor of self-esteem, while neglectful and authoritarian parenting were significant predictors of lower self-esteem. The most prevalent factors affecting adolescent self-esteem included family structure, parental education, and age.
Conclusion and Policy Recommendation: Parenting styles have a significant impact on adolescent self-esteem in rural Kenyan communities. The findings highlight the importance of promoting authoritative parenting through targeted parental education programs.
Keywords: Parenting styles, Self-esteem, Adolescents, Rural communities, Kenya
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