African Journal of Emerging Issues - is scholarly, open access, peer reviewed, double blind, interdisciplinary, and fully refereed journal focusing on theories, methods and applications in medicine, Engineering, Technology and Applied sciences. The Editorial Board is very committed to build the Journal as one of the leading African Journals of Emerging issues in the next few years to come. The Journal's reputation will be enhanced from arrangements with several organizers of international conferences in publishing selected best papers of the conference proceedings. Aim African Journal of Emerging Issues(AJOEI) is aimed to provide a highly readable and valuable addition to the literature, which will serve as an indispensable reference tool for years to come and provide a medium through which scholars and researchers all over the world publish their scholarly applied and fundamental research works including all new theoretical and experimental findings. Scope The coverage of the Journal publishes research articles and encourages the submission of critical review articles covering advances in recent research of such fields as well as technical notes. AJOEI will continue to provide information on the latest emerging trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. Submission: Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically through the ONLINE SUBMISSION CENTRE Or As Email attachment to journals@ajoeijournals.org
GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE USEFULNESS, GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT RATE WITHIN SMALL TO MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to determine the usefulness of generative AI on customer engagement rate in the small to medium enterprises in Kenya. Statement of Problem: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) has been noted to be impactful through task automation, enhancing creativity and personalizing human to machine interactions. This makes GAI a powerful tool for businesses. Small to medium enterprises require scale of operations that can be enhanced through the use of GAI. This would ensure efficiencies in their operations that allows them to highly engage customers thus increasing their engagement rate. The incorporation of GAI into the operations within small to medium enterprises is determined by positive environment brought about by favourable regulations. Research Methodology: The study was anchored on Technology Acceptance Model, Expectation Confirmation Theory and Institutional Theory. The methodology deployed by the study was a review of literature to present a directional hypothetical representation of the independent to the dependent variables. This included a review of recent study articles to explain the usefulness of generative AI in ensuring enhanced customer engagement rates within small to medium enterprises in Kenya as well as the moderating effect of government regulations on this relationship. Results of the Study: The review of literature indicated a positive relationship between the usefulness of generative AI towards ensuring positive customer engagement rates. The study found that higher customer engagement rates can be recorded as an outcome of deploying generative artificial intelligence technologies. Conclusion: The findings provided practical insights for small to medium enterprises in Kenya who are trying to ensure efficiencies in their operations so as to serve their customers satisfactorily. Recommendation: The study presented that this can be achieved through the deployment of GAI. The study also provided that policy makers should ensure positive environments for GAI deployment through the enactment of favourable policies as well as interventions. Keywords: Business Customer Relationship, Customer Retention, Innovation, Marketing
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THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN ENHANCING QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN RWANDA: A CASE OF RUHENGERI INSTUTUTE OF HIGH LEARNING EDUCATION
Academic libraries serve an important function in facilitating teaching, learning, and research in higher learning institutions. This study examined the role of academic libraries in enhancing the quality of education in Rwanda, using INES-Ruhengeri as a case study. Specifically, the study assessed the availability of library resources, accessibility of library resources, and effectiveness of library services, as well as their contribution to academic performance and educational quality. The study targeted 300 respondents comprising students, lecturers, and librarians. A quantitative sample of 171 respondents was selected using stratified sampling techniques, consisting of 133 final-year students and 34 lecturers. In addition, 4 librarians were purposively selected as key informants to provide qualitative insights into library operations, resource management, and service delivery. The study employed a concurrent triangulation mixed-methods approach to integrate quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS through descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequencies, percentages, Chi-square tests, correlations, and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that academic libraries contribute significantly to improving educational quality through enhanced access to learning materials (29.2%), improved research skills (26.3%), and improved academic writing skills (23.4%). Furthermore, 64.3% of respondents reported improvement in research skills, while 73.1% agreed that library utilization contributed positively to their academic performance. However, challenges affecting effective library utilization included limited access to books and journals (26.3%), inadequate digital library resources (20.5%), insufficient study spaces (17.5%), and poor internet connectivity (14.6%). The study concludes that academic libraries play a critical role in supporting teaching, learning, and research processes at INES-Ruhengeri, although further improvements are required. The study recommends strengthening both print and digital library resources, improving internet connectivity and access to electronic databases, expanding study facilities, enhancing user training programmes, and increasing library-based research workshops. Keywords: Role of Academic, Libraries, Quality of Education, Rwanda, Ruhengeri Instutute, High Learning Education
MENTAL HEALTH POLICY REFORM IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
Mental health policy reform in Kenya is important because of the growing burden of mental health conditions, ongoing gaps in the health system and changes in the socio-economic environment, such as the psychosocial effects of the pandemic and rising substance use. Key challenges include insufficient financing, ineffective integration of mental health into PHC, workforce shortages, stigma and spotty implementation across the counties. Addressing these challenges is necessary to strengthen prevention and early intervention, improve the efficiency of the systems and ensure the constitutional right to the highest attainable standard of health. The College of Health sciences at the University of Nairobi is best placed to support mental health reform through research to inform policy, developing future leaders in this field and supporting improvements in the health system. Through academic-government partnerships, capacity building initiatives and policy relevant scholarship, the College helps to support equitable, people-centered and sustainable mental health services in support of national priorities and the best practices from around the world. Three major strategies for reforming have been identified: specialist-centered services, separate mental health facilities and integration into primary health care. While specialist and standalone models play an important role for severe cases, it is limited by disproportional access to them as well as the underutilization of community-level resources. Integration of mental health into PHC appears to be the most feasible, cost-effective and scalable option. This model increases access, early detection, decreases stigma, improves continuity of care, and builds on existing service models and response at the community level. For the University of Nairobi-College of Health Sciences, the inclusion of MH in PHC is in line with the agenda on Universal Health Coverage and contributes to the institutions mandate of producing competent and responsive health professionals. It allows the College to generate evidence specific to the context, build workforce capacity to address the challenges and engage in policy dialogue with national and county stakeholders. Furthermore, this approach enhances leadership and governance processes by improving institutional agility, responsiveness and interdisciplinary working while incorporating mental health competencies into pre-service and in-service education. Keywords: Mental Health Policy Reform; Primary Health Care Integration; Universal Health Coverage; Mental Health Services; Leadership and Governance
INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICTS IN SOMALIA, 2013–2024
Purpose of the study: This study analysed the contribution of Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) mechanisms to the management of conflict in Somalia between 2013 and 2024, evaluating the key aspects of these mechanisms, examining their effectiveness and assessing their implications for conflict management. Problem statement: Somalia has experienced protracted conflict driven by clan competition, political fragmentation, violent extremism and weak institutional structures. IGAD has intervened repeatedly through mediation, governance support, peacekeeping coordination and early warning, yet evaluations have reported limited coordination, insufficient local involvement and constrained implementation capacity. Existing scholarship is concentrated on the transitional period preceding 2013 and relies predominantly on documentary reconstruction, leaving the more recent decade and the perspectives of practitioners and beneficiaries under documented. Methodology: A descriptive qualitative design was adopted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 89 purposively selected respondents comprising IGAD officials, Somali government representatives, diplomats and civil society actors, supplemented by analysis of IGAD reports, policy documents and institutional records. Data were analysed thematically and were guided by Conflict Transformation Theory and Regional Security Complex Theory. Validity was addressed through triangulation across respondent categories and documentary sources. Results of the study: IGAD deploys a multi-layered repertoire of mechanisms encompassing diplomatic engagement and mediation, governance and institutional support, coordination with regional and international partners, community dialogue, technical assistance and early warning. Diplomatic engagement and mediation were identified by all respondents as the principal mechanism. Effectiveness followed a gradient from mechanisms drawing on political authority to those requiring sustained field implementation: diplomatic mediation was rated highly effective by 55 per cent of respondents and international coordination by 52 per cent, while early warning was rated highly effective by only 21 per cent. The mechanisms were associated with reduced conflict intensity, strengthened governance and improved regional stability, but were constrained by political interference, financial and logistical limitations, insecurity, weak monitoring systems and inadequate public communication. Conclusion and policy recommendation: The performance of IGAD mechanisms is explained less by programme design than by the structural position the organisation occupies, since the strongest-performing mechanisms required resources IGAD possesses while the weakest required predictable financing, secure field access and rapid decision-making authority that it does not control. The study recommends strengthening monitoring and evaluation frameworks, deepening collaboration with Somali authorities and regional partners, diversifying the financing base, expanding public communication, institutionalising security contingency planning, and establishing a formal channel for incorporating community-level perspectives into programme review. Keywords: IGAD, conflict management, Somalia, regional peacebuilding, mediation, early warning
EFFICACY OF KENYA’S PEACE DIPLOMACY IN PROMOTING REGIONAL INTEGRATION WITHIN THE JURISDICTION OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
Purpose of Study: To examined the efficacy of Kenya's peace diplomacy in promoting regional integration within the East African Community. Problem Statement: Kenya has consistently positioned itself as a key diplomatic and security actor within the East African Community, actively engaging in mediation, peace facilitation, and regional security cooperation. However, while these diplomatic engagements are often acknowledged at the political and security levels, there is limited clarity on whether, and to what extent, Kenya's peace diplomacy has effectively promoted core objectives of regional integration such as the reduction of trade barriers, expansion of cross-border investment, and coordinated infrastructure development. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed-methods research approach using a convergent parallel research design. The target population consisted of 250 respondents drawn from government agencies, regional organizations, civil society organizations, and academic institutions involved in peace and regional integration. Data was collected using questionnaires, key informant interviews, and document analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: Kenya employs several peace diplomacy strategies, including mediation, diplomatic dialogue, peacebuilding, institutional cooperation, and multilateral engagement. However, Kenya's peace diplomacy has been less effective in preventing interstate conflicts, improving regional peace and security and responding to emerging security threats. Major challenges identified included differences in national interests, political differences, weak institutional coordination, inadequate financial resources, external geopolitical influence, and emerging security threats. Recommendation: Strengthening preventive diplomacy, improving institutional coordination, increasing political commitment among EAC Partner States, investing in peacebuilding and conflict prevention, promoting inclusive stakeholder participation, harmonizing regional policies, and providing adequate financial support to enhance regional peace and integration. Keywords: Peace Diplomacy, Regional Integration, East African Community, Kenya, Mediation, Preventive Diplomacy, Neofunctionalism, Pan-Africanism
ASSESSMENT OF ELECTRICAL HAZARDS EXPOSED TO ELECTRICITY USERS IN MATHARE SLUM
Electrical hazards in informal settlements pose severe risks to residents, yet systematic assessments of their prevalence and underlying causes remain limited. This study assessed electrical hazards exposed to electricity users in Mathare informal settlement, Nairobi County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was adopted, with data collected from 341 household respondents selected through simple random sampling and 17 Kenya Power and Lighting Company staff through a census approach. Structured questionnaires, interviews, and technical measurements of earth and insulation resistance were used for data collection. Findings revealed that 63.9% of residents experienced electric shocks, 45.7% encountered electrical fires, and 58.1% witnessed electrocutions. Arcing and sparking affected 78.3% of residents. Illegal connections, poor wiring, and circuit overloading were identified as the dominant causal factors. The study concludes that urgent interventions targeting electrical safety awareness, infrastructure upgrading, and regulatory enforcement are necessary to reduce electrical accidents in informal settlements. Keywords: Electrical hazards, informal settlements, electric shock, illegal connections, earthing systems, Mathare, Kenya
THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: A BEHAVIORAL GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE
This study examines how organizational psychology influences corporate governance effectiveness and firm performance by integrating behavioral and governance theories. While traditional corporate governance research has focused primarily on structural mechanisms such as board composition, ownership structure, and regulatory frameworks, emerging literature highlights the role of psychological and behavioral dynamics in shaping governance outcomes. Drawing on contemporary empirical studies (2020–2025), this paper explores how leadership behavior, organizational culture, cognitive diversity, and employee engagement affect governance effectiveness and organizational performance. The study adopts a conceptual and integrative review approach, synthesizing insights from agency theory, stewardship theory, stakeholder theory, and social exchange theory. Findings indicate that organizational psychology significantly mediates and moderates the relationship between governance structures and firm performance. The paper contributes to the growing field of behavioral corporate governance and offers practical recommendations for enhancing governance effectiveness through psychologically informed strategies. Keywords: Organizational psychology, corporate governance, firm performance, ethical leadership, organizational culture, behavioral governance
LEVERAGING COMMUNITY-BASED DIGITAL LITERACY PROGRAMMES ON YOUTH CRIME MANAGEMENT IN KISII COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of Study: This study examined the effect of community-based digital literacy programmes on youth crime management in Kisii County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Youth crime remains a persistent developmental and security concern in Kisii County. Conventional punitive approaches have inadequately addressed the socio-economic factors contributing to youth involvement in crime. Although digital literacy programmes are increasingly implemented as tools for youth empowerment, employability, and social integration, limited empirical evidence exists regarding their effectiveness in managing youth crime within Kisii County. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed-methods research design. The target population comprised 420 youth participants and key programme stakeholders drawn from Marani, Kisii Main Stage, Keumbu, and Gusii Technical Institute. Using the Yamane formula, a sample of 205 youth participants was selected. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, and thematic analysis. Result: Access to digital literacy programmes positively influenced youth empowerment and crime-management outcomes (Mean=3.81, SD=.634). The programmes improved participants’ confidence (Mean=3.94) and employable skills (Mean=3.81). Digital literacy access had a statistically significant positive relationship with youth crime management (r=.487, p<.001) and explained 23.7% of the variance in crime-management outcomes (R²=.237, p<.001). Conclusion: Community-based digital literacy programmes enhance youth crime management by improving employability, confidence, and digital citizenship. Recommendation: Digital literacy programmes should strengthen practical income-generation and employment components to translate acquired skills into sustainable economic opportunities and reduce youth vulnerability to crime. Keywords: Digital Literacy Programmes, Youth Crime Management, Community-Based Intervention, Youth Empowerment, Kisii County.
CAUSES OF ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN POST-CONFLICT COUNTRIES: INSTITUTIONS, POLITICAL COMPETITION, AND THE CHALLENGES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION
Purpose of Study: This study examined the principal causes of electoral violence in post-conflict countries through an interdisciplinary analysis integrating political science, conflict studies, peacebuilding, and electoral governance. Problem Statement: Electoral violence remains one of the greatest obstacles to democratic consolidation in post-conflict societies. Although elections are widely regarded as mechanisms for legitimising governments, facilitating peaceful political competition, and consolidating peace agreements, they frequently become catalysts for renewed violence where political institutions remain fragile and wartime grievances unresolved. Methodology: Drawing upon comparative evidence from Kenya, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Burundi, Nepal, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the article argues that electoral violence is rarely caused by elections themselves. Rather, elections become focal points through which pre-existing political, institutional, economic, and social tensions are expressed. Result: The analysis identified weak state institutions, winner-takes-all political systems, unresolved wartime grievances, ethnic mobilisation, militarised political actors, electoral fraud, youth unemployment, hate speech, misinformation, and ineffective electoral management bodies as the principal drivers of violence. The findings further demonstrates that successful post-conflict elections depend less upon technical electoral administration than upon broader processes of institutional reform, political inclusion, rule of law, and peacebuilding. Recommendation: Sustainable electoral peace requires transforming political competition from violent confrontation into institutionalised democratic contestation. Keywords: Electoral violence, Post-conflict elections, Peacebuilding, Democratic consolidation, Electoral management
INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER AND SANITATION SAFETY STANDARDS ON THE WELL-BEING OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL COMMUNITIES IN WEST POKOT COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined the influence of physical infrastructure and water and sanitation safety standards on the well-being of public secondary school communities in West Pokot County, Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Despite existing national school safety policies, public secondary schools in West Pokot continue to experience ageing infrastructure, overcrowding, inadequate maintenance, poor waste management, and unreliable water and sanitation facilities. Methodology: Guided by the Health Belief Model, the study used a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, collecting data through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documents, then applying statistical and thematic analyses for interpretation. Findings: Physical infrastructure safety standards recorded a mean of 3.88, while water and sanitation standards recorded a mean of 4.16. Physical infrastructure had a strong positive relationship with school community well-being (r = .741, p < .05). Water and sanitation standards also had a positive significant relationship with well-being (r = .342, p < .05). Qualitative findings confirmed these results but highlighted implementation challenges. Conclusion: Improved physical infrastructure and effective water and sanitation management enhance the well-being of school communities. Recommendation: Education stakeholders should fund infrastructure, water, sanitation, waste management, and safety monitoring. Keywords: Keywords: School safety standards; physical infrastructure; water and sanitation; school community well-being; public secondary schools; West Pokot County; Kenya.
ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM PROJECTS AT HIGHER EDUCATION LOANS BOARD IN KENYA
Purpose of Study: This study therefore assessed the influence of risk management on performance of projects at higher education loans board in Kenya. Problem Statement: Despite the existence of numerous sets of principles and methodologies related to project management processes, variety of projects and tools designed to support this domain, the field continues to grapple with a significant number of project failures and serious issues. These problems often arise due to inadequacies in project management processes practices. Methodology: The study employed a descriptive research design. The target population in this study comprised all the employees of HELB totaling to 400. The study used Taro Yamane simplified formula to arrive at a sample size of 200 respondents. Primary data was obtained through the administering of the questionnaires directly to the employees. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The findings revealed that risk management explained significant proportion of the variation in project performance at the Higher Education Loans Board. The findings showed that risk management (β = 0.478, p = 0.000) was positively and significantly related to project performance. Recommendation: HELB should adopt a proactive and comprehensive approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating project risks. Keywords: Risk Management, Project Performance, Higher Education Loans Board (HELB), Project Management Practices, Kenya
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONING AND SUBSTANCE USE PATTERNS AMONG STREET BOYS IN A KENYAN REHABILITATION CENTRE
Purpose of Study: This study assessed behavioral functioning patterns and examined their relationship with substance use patterns among street boys at Joseph Kang'ethe Rehabilitation Centre, Kibera. Methodology: The study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, applying census sampling to enrol all 80 street boys’ resident at the centre for the quantitative phase, followed by purposive sampling of participants for interviews. Behavioral functioning was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), covering emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer relationship difficulties, and prosocial behavior, while substance involvement was assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Result: Slightly over half of participants (52.0%) fell within the normal behavioral functioning range, 34.7% scored within a borderline range warranting monitoring, and 13.3% scored within a clinical or abnormal range. A statistically significant relationship was established between substance use and behavioral functioning (χ²=307.694, p=0.027). Qualitative narratives showed boys who had discontinued substance use described improved self-control, emotional stability, and cooperation with peers, while those still struggling described guilt, agitation, and difficulty regulating their emotions. Conclusion: The study concludes that behavioral functioning and substance use are closely interlinked among rehabilitating street boys, and that reductions in substance use correspond with measurable behavioral gains. Recommendation: It recommends routine behavioral screening using standardized tools, individualized behavioral intervention plans, and continued integration of counseling, mentorship, and spiritual support within rehabilitation programming. Keywords: Behavioral functioning, Substance use, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Street Children, Rehabilitation centre, Urban slum
DYNAMICS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF KENYA'S CULTURAL DIPLOMACY AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
Purpose of the study: The study examined the dynamics and effectiveness of Kenya's cultural diplomacy as a soft power tool for enhancing regional integration in the East African Community (EAC). Statement of the problem: Despite Kenya's formal commitment to cultural diplomacy as a foreign policy pillar, there is insufficient empirical evidence linking its specific cultural diplomacy initiatives to measurable people-centered regional integration outcomes within the EAC, leaving policymakers without the evidence base needed to fully leverage culture as a sustainable integration instrument. Research Methodology: The study adopted a mixed-methods design, drawing data from structured questionnaires and key informant interviews from 137 respondents drawn from government officials, cultural practitioners, academics, youth representatives, and community members. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings: Findings show that Kenya's cultural diplomacy is broadly recognized and actively deployed, with an overall awareness mean of 4.30 and an overall extent-of-use mean of 4.22. Cultural festivals (mean = 4.36) were the most extensively deployed strategy, while Kiswahili promotion, though fourth in deployment ranking, was the most consistently perceived strategy across respondent categories (SD = 0.72). Cultural exchange programs recorded the largest gap between perceived contribution (mean = 4.50) and actual deployment (mean = 4.09), indicating systematic underinvestment in the most transformative instrument. Cultural diplomacy was found to be effective in strengthening regional identity (71.5% observed), fostering cross-border interaction (59.9%), and promoting social cohesion (39.4%), with an overall effectiveness mean of 4.27 and 93.4% of respondents affirming its value as an integration tool. However, people-centered participation (19.0% observed) and institutional acceptance (18.2% observed) remained the weakest outcomes, revealing a gap between social effectiveness and institutional integration. Conclusion: The study concludes that Kenya's cultural diplomacy generates strong social integration outcomes but has not been systematically linked to formal EAC institutional processes. Recommendations: The study recommends stronger institutional coordination, dedicated funding for cultural exchange programs, and deliberate policy mechanisms to convert social spillovers into institutional integration. Keywords: Cultural Diplomacy, Soft Power, Regional Integration, East African Community, Kenya, Kiswahili.
FORMS AND SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF MAA CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN CONSTRUCTING KENYA'S EXTERNAL IMAGE
Purpose of the Student: This study examined the forms of Maa cultural diplomacy employed in Kenya's engagement with foreign publics and assessed its socio-cultural contribution to the construction of Kenya's external image, addressing a gap in International Relations scholarship, where Maa cultural expressions are prominently visible in Kenya's international representation yet remain under-theorized as a distinct instrument of cultural diplomacy. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive-exploratory, mixed-methods design, drawing on a sample of 150 respondents, comprising cultural elders, practitioners, government officials, diplomats, and representatives of cultural and tourism organizations, selected through purposive and snowball sampling from a target population of 240. Data were collected using a structured Likert-scale questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and a focus group discussion in Narok County, with quantitative data analyzed descriptively and qualitative data analyzed thematically. Findings: Findings revealed that dress and adornment, traditional dances and music, and cultural festivals dominate Kenya's Maa cultural diplomacy practice, while cross-border cultural exchanges and digital or narrative representation remain critically underdeveloped, reflecting a model that privileges visual impact over sustained narrative engagement. Maa cultural diplomacy was found to make a strong socio-cultural contribution to Kenya's external image, with all five measured effect dimensions, visibility, attractiveness, authenticity, uniqueness, and people-to-people engagement, recording means above 4.25, although the comparatively weaker performance of people-to-people engagement revealed a persistent gap between image projection and the cultivation of deep relational ties with foreign publics. Conclusion: The study concludes that Maa cultural diplomacy constitutes a potent but institutionally underdeveloped pillar of Kenya's soft power architecture, whose visual and symbolic strength has yet to be matched by a deliberate, narrative-driven diplomatic strategy. Recommendation: The study recommends diversifying Maa cultural diplomacy through cross-border exchange and digital storytelling, and establishing community-led cultural ambassador programs to deepen international engagement beyond material and visual representation. Keywords: Forms, Socio-Cultural, Contributions, Maa Cultural Diplomacy, Constructing Kenya's, External Image
THE NDALAT SETTLEMENT SCHEME IN THE CONTEXT OF THE STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS (SAPs), 1980-1992
The Ndalat Settlement Scheme is one of the schemes which were rooted in the period leading to independence. Born out of the logic from the Swinerton Plan of 1954, its aim was to foster high-intensity agriculture which would generate income for the farmers. After independence, the scheme begun on a sound footing with all the support being given by the exiting colonial government. Within the first one and a half decades, it managed to achieve high productivity in terms of agricultural output. However, in the 1980’s and 1990’s the settlement was affected by the SAPS (Structural Adjustment Policies) that were fronted by the Bretton Woods institutions (World Bank and IMF). These policies led to the government removing subsidies to farmers, dismantled marketing boards and liberalized agricultural marketing. Therefore, this study’s main aim was to find out how the policies affected the Ndalat Settlement Scheme which was wound up in 1992. The study adopted the historical method that entailed combining both primary sources (Archival records and oral interviews of Key informants) with secondary source analysis (books, Journal articles as well as internet sources). This data was contextualized within the timeframe and analyzed thematically. It is expected that the study yields a nuanced understanding of the nexus between policies and practice, especially in agricultural production. Key Words: Ndalat Settlement Scheme, SAPS
STRENGTHENING FINANCIAL STABILITY THROUGH INTERNAL CONTROLS: EVIDENCE FROM COMMERCIAL BANKS LISTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE
Purpose of Study: This study therefore sought to examine the effect of internal controls on the financial stability of commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Financial stability was assessed using capital adequacy and liquidity. Problem Statement: Commercial banks listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange continue to experience episodes of financial instability despite operating under comprehensive corporate governance regulations and supervisory frameworks. This persistent instability raises concerns about whether conventional governance mechanisms adequately address the ownership structures, strategic relationships, and internal controls that shape the behaviour and resilience of banks in emerging markets. Methodology: Guided by a pragmatist philosophical stance, the study adopted a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory design as the primary structure, complemented by descriptive elements for contextual understanding. The unit of analysis comprised the eleven commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Secondary quantitative data was extracted from annual reports, audited financial statements, and regulatory publications. Result: The findings revealed that internal controls have a significant positive effect on capital adequacy (β = 0.0273, p = 0.004), indicating that stronger internal controls improve long-term financial stability. However, their effect on liquidity was statistically insignificant (β = 0.0084, p = 0.212) suggesting limited influence on short-term financial positions. Conclusion: Internal controls primarily support long-term stability rather than immediate liquidity. Recommendation: Listed commercial banks should support internal control systems as a foundation for long-term financial stability by investing in advanced risk management systems and internal audit technologies that improve the accuracy and timeliness of financial reporting. Keywords: Internal controls, Financial Stability, Commercial Banks, Nairobi Securities Exchange, Capital Adequacy
ENHANCING SAFETY MEASURES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD SETTINGS: STRATEGIES FOR CREATING SECURE AND NURTURING ENVIRONMENTS
Purpose of Study: To enhance safety measures in early childhood settings by developing strategies for creating secure and nurturing environments in Homa Bay County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Early childhood settings including preschools, daycare centers and kindergartens are foundational to children's cognitive, social and emotional development. In many low-resource contexts, however, inadequate safety protocols, limited trained staff, and the neglect of emotional security continue to compromise children's well-being. In Homa Bay County, Kenya early childhood centers face persistent gaps between national policy frameworks and the actual implementation of physical and protective safety measures. Methodology: The study targeted key stakeholders from caregivers to county officials, this program drives early childhood safety through five core components, including capacity building, collaborative protocols, and affordable technology. Guided by policy and evidence, its cyclical model transitions resource-constrained settings from basic safety readiness to sustained maturity. Results: The program framework establishes a structured operational roadmap that systematically transitions early childhood centers from reactive safety practices to institutionalized maturity. Key outcomes include five integrated program components, standardized multi-stakeholder governance protocols, and a mixed-methods monitoring system aimed at eliminating environmental hazards while enhancing caregiver emotional responsiveness. Recommendations: Implementation should commence as a phased pilot in Homa Bay County to systematically identify and resolve operational barriers prior to regional scaling. Multi-stakeholder safety committees must be institutionalized at county and center levels, underpinned by active budgetary advocacy and mandatory trauma-informed relational safety training across all centers. Keywords: Early childhood education, Safety protocols, Emotional security, Public health model, Kenya, Child maltreatment prevention, Homa Bay County, Kenya
EFFECT OF CCTV SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ON CRIME MANAGEMENT IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Crime management remained a persistent challenge in Nairobi City County, with law enforcement agencies grappling with rising crime rates and inadequate technological integration. Despite the growing deployment of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) surveillance systems, their effect on crime management within the Kenyan urban context had not been systematically quantified. This study examined the effect of CCTV surveillance systems on crime management in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the Routine Activity Theory and Situational Crime Prevention Theory. A mixed-methods research design was adopted. The target population comprised approximately 800 law enforcement officers, surveillance system operators, technical personnel, and community representatives from Nairobi City County. Data were collected from 237 law enforcement personnel through questionnaires, 52 key informants through interviews, and 5 focus group discussion participants, yielding an overall response rate of 95.5 percent. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression through SPSS version 28, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. The findings established that CCTV surveillance systems had a moderate positive and significant effect on crime management (Mean=3.71, SD=.667). Respondents strongly agreed that CCTV footage was useful in criminal investigations (Mean=4.12) and that CCTV systems had improved evidence collection for prosecutions (Mean=4.05), while coverage adequacy was rated poorly (Mean=2.87), indicating persistent surveillance blind spots. Pearson correlation revealed a moderate, positive, and statistically significant relationship between CCTV surveillance and crime management (r=.547, p<.05). Simple linear regression confirmed that CCTV surveillance systems explained 29.9 percent of the variance in crime management outcomes (R2=.299, F=100.621, p<.05), with a regression coefficient of B=.463 (Beta=.547, t=10.031, p<.05). The null hypothesis was rejected. The study concluded that CCTV surveillance systems are effective in enhancing crime management in Nairobi City County, contributing to crime reduction, improved detection, deterrence of potential offenders, and strengthened evidentiary support for prosecutions. The study recommended strategic expansion of CCTV coverage across underserved areas and informal settlements, coupled with reliable power and connectivity infrastructure, to reduce surveillance blind spots currently exploited by criminal elements. Keywords: CCTV Surveillance Systems, Crime Management, Digital Surveillance, Law Enforcement, Nairobi City County
A SEARCH FOR A PERMANENT CONSTITUTION IN SOUTH SUDAN: EXPECTATIONS AND ASPIRATIONS
The article reflects on the expectations and aspirations surrounding the ‘permanent’ constitution that South Sudan prepares to draft. South Sudan has travelled a long and complicated path in the constitution-making process, with its origins tracing back to Sudan. The troubled Sudan, where South Sudan seceded, sought a constitutional resolution to the enduring political conflicts that characterised the nation. Successive governments endeavoured to draft and enact a ‘permanent’ constitution, but this aspiration remained elusive until 2011 when South Sudan realised its long-held ambition of becoming an independent country. The search for a ‘permanent’ constitution in South Sudan is an aspiration for a stable and prosperous nation where the people’s constitution protects minority’s rights and facilitates services to citizens in a manner that involves their governance. The paper attempts to address the question of the nature of the anticipated ‘permanent’ constitution and the people’s aspirations regarding the ‘permanent constitution.’ To this effect, the paper proposes, among other things, the adoption of a robust system of governance, particularly federalism, the nature and details of which should undergo public consultations and validation before being endorsed by the public. It also discusses a hybrid system of government as a relevant framework that will address historical inequities with the current presidential system and its federal judicial structure, which is independent and devolved to various levels of government. The ‘permanent’ constitution is expected to embrace consociational democracy and recognise the diversity that fosters national identity and unity as mechanisms for conflict mitigation in a divided country such as South Sudan. Finally, the paper considers the aspects of constitutionalism and the rule of law necessary for an effective constitution; therefore, the new constitution is anticipated to promote respect for laws and entrench the rule of law and the culture of constitutionalism throughout government structures. Key words: Expectations; Federalism; Consociational Democracy; Constitutionalism; Diversity; Governance
INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIC PLANNING ON THE GROWTH OF THE DAIRY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN NANDI COUNTY
Statement of The Problem: It is worth noting that the dairy cooperative society is crucial, which is even more apparent in the value chain of the milk industry. With the production up to marketing process, it is concerned with the feeding, and puts much emphasis on the distribution of processed products. Purpose of the Study: This paper examines how strategic planning influence the growth of dairy cooperative societies in Nandi County. Methodology: The theory that was applied in the paper was the Resource-Based View theory. This study was an attempt to undertake a quantitative and qualitative research. The survey design used was descriptive where the population was 21 dairy farmers cooperatives. The sample of 5 respondents was selected by usage the purposive sampling method using each dairy cooperative society. Primary data was utilized. Data collection was done through a questionnaire, which was evaluated using descriptive and inferential statistics. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) was used in the analysis of correlation between the variables of the study to determine the degree of correlation. Regression analysis was used as well. The target population was further divided into registered organizations in Nandi County which collects, bulk and trade milk to small holder farmers. Findings: The research results proved that strategic planning has a significantly positive influence on cooperative growth. In the correlation analysis, there were moderate and strong positive correlations between these factors and growth (r = 0.617, p < 0.05). The regression equation was found to be significant (F4, 76, 5 = 48.335, p < 0.001) with an R 2 of 0.718 meaning that the four predictors had a combined effect on the amount of variation in growth, which was 71.8%. Conclusion and Recommendation: The findings indicate that the strategic planning is a performance and sustainability enhancing factor in dairy cooperative societies. According to these results, the research suggests developing a greater strategic planning potential. Keywords: Strategic Planning, Growth, Dairy Cooperative Societies, Nandi County
INFLUENCE OF ADOPTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE GROWTH OF DAIRY COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN THE NANDI COUNTY IN KENYA
Statement of the Problem: Despite the important role played by dairy cooperative societies in supporting Kenya's dairy industry, many continue to experience slow growth, low profitability, weak financial sustainability, and operational inefficiencies. Limited adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) has been identified as one of the factors contributing to these challenges. Purpose of the Study: This study examined the influence of ICT adoption on the growth of dairy cooperative societies in Nandi County, Kenya. Methodology: The study was guided by the Technology Acceptance Model and adopted a mixed-methods approach using descriptive and correlational research designs. Data were collected from 105 management staff drawn from 21 registered dairy cooperative societies through structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings revealed a moderate positive and statistically significant relationship between ICT adoption and the growth of dairy cooperative societies (r = 0.553, p < 0.001). Regression analysis further showed that ICT adoption had a positive and significant effect on growth (β = 0.261, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The study concludes that increased investment in ICT can improve operational efficiency, financial sustainability, and overall cooperative growth. Recommendation: The study recommends greater integration of digital technologies in financial management, production, communication, and service delivery to enhance competitiveness and long-term sustainability. Keywords: Adoption, Information, Communication Technology, Growth, Dairy Cooperative Societies
THE CRISIS OF REGIONAL MEDIATION: IGAD, NEUTRALITY CONTESTATION AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF PEACE INITIATIVES IN SUDAN’S CONFLICT
Purpose of Study: This article critically examines the challenges faced by IGAD in the Sudan peace process from 2023 to 2026. Problem Statement: The outbreak of war in Sudan in April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) commanded by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti) generated one of the gravest political and humanitarian crises in contemporary Africa. Since the beginning of the conflict, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) attempted to position itself as a central regional mediator in line with its historical role in peacebuilding within the Horn of Africa. However, IGAD’s mediation initiatives encountered substantial resistance from the Sudanese Armed Forces, which accused the regional bloc of bias and questioned its neutrality, particularly regarding the role of Kenya and other member states. Simultaneously, the proliferation of competing mediation platforms—including the Jeddah process, African Union initiatives, United Nations diplomacy, neighboring state interventions, and bilateral tracks—produced fragmentation that weakened coordination and undermined coherent peacemaking efforts. Methodology: Drawing upon theories of regionalism, mediation, and conflict resolution, the study analyzes the institutional limitations of IGAD, geopolitical rivalries among member states, contestation over neutrality, and the broader fragmentation of mediation architecture in Sudan. Result: The findings revealed that IGAD’s difficulties reflect deeper structural weaknesses affecting African regional organizations in complex intrastate conflicts where member states possess divergent interests and external powers actively shape conflict dynamics. Conclusion: The study proposes institutional reforms aimed at strengthening regional mediation mechanisms, enhancing legitimacy, improving coordination among mediators, and fostering inclusive Sudanese-led peace processes. Keywords: IGAD, Sudan conflict, mediation, neutrality, regional organizations
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OUTCOMES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY KENYA
Purpose: This study examined the influence of digital transformation on the quality of Early Childhood Education (ECE) in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was motivated by the increasing importance of technology-driven learning environments in enhancing pedagogical quality, learner engagement, accessibility, and inclusiveness. Problem Statement: Despite implementing the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) and the Digital Literacy Programme (DLP), digital technology integration in Kenya's ECE centres remains inconsistent due to inadequate infrastructure, limited teacher digital competencies, weak technology-supported pedagogy, and insufficient institutional support. Consequently, the influence of digital transformation on ECE quality remains inadequately understood. Methodology: The study adopted a positivist philosophy and descriptive survey design, guided by the TPACK and UTAUT frameworks. A sample of 267 teachers and administrators was selected from 870 respondents using Fisher's formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, multiple regression, and diagnostic tests to validate the model. Results: The findings revealed that digital transformation significantly improved the quality of Early Childhood Education. Digital infrastructure, teacher digital competence, digital pedagogy integration, and leadership and policy support each had significant positive effects on ECE quality. Conclusion and Policy Recommendation: The study concluded that digital transformation is a critical driver of quality ECE. It recommends increased investment in digital infrastructure, continuous teacher professional development, strengthened digital pedagogy, and supportive policy implementation to promote inclusive and sustainable technology-enabled early learning environments. Keywords: Digital transformation, Early Childhood Education, digital competence, digital pedagogy, educational quality, Nairobi City County.
BEYOND THE LIFELINE: INSTITUTIONAL FRAGILITY, INSECURITY, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF AID IN SOUTH SUDAN
Purpose: This study examined the institutional and security constraints limiting the effectiveness of foreign aid in South Sudan. Methodology: The study employed a systematic literature review and thematic analysis of academic literature, donor and government reports, and humanitarian situation data published between 2010 and 2025. The analysis was guided by Political Settlements Theory and Rent-Seeking Theory to examine how governance structures, elite political settlements, and rent-seeking practices influence aid effectiveness. Findings: The review found that pervasive corruption, weak governance institutions, and persistent insecurity significantly undermine foreign aid effectiveness. Systemic misappropriation of aid resources, duplication of donor-funded programmes, and disruptions caused by armed conflict limit humanitarian and development outcomes. Conversely, locally led and context-sensitive interventions demonstrated greater sustainability by strengthening community ownership. Conclusion: The study concludes that foreign aid effectiveness in South Sudan is constrained by the interaction of institutional fragility, political rent-seeking, and protracted insecurity. Recommendations: The study recommends strengthening donor coordination to reduce programme duplication, investing in domestic institutional capacity, embedding transparent accountability mechanisms across aid interventions. Keywords: Foreign aid, Aid effectiveness, Sustainable development goals, Institutional development, Corruption, Governance, Accountability, & Aid localization
EFFECTS OF REINTEGRATION APPROACHES ON REINTEGRATION OUTCOMES AMONG CHILDREN TRANSITIONING FROM INSTITUTIONAL CARE TO COMMUNITY LIFE: EVIDENCE FROM MERU CHILDREN'S HOME, MERU COUNTY, KENYA
Reintegration of children from Charitable Children’s Institutions (CCIs) into family and community settings remains a critical child protection concern in Kenya. Although the National Care Reform Strategy (2022–2032) promotes family-based care as the preferred alternative to institutionalization, evidence on factors associated with successful reintegration remains limited. This study examined the influence of institutional support, legal and policy frameworks, and post-reintegration services on reintegration outcomes among children reintegrated from Meru Children’s Home in Meru County, Kenya. The study adopted a mixed-methods case study design and collected data from 96 respondents using structured questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The findings showed that most reintegrated children lived with their parents and remained enrolled in school or vocational training, indicating positive social and educational adjustment. Institutional support, legal and policy frameworks, and post-reintegration services each contributed to successful reintegration outcomes. Children who received adequate preparation before reintegration, including counseling, emotional support, participation in decision-making, and family involvement, adjusted better to family and community life. Effective child protection systems, monitoring mechanisms, and awareness of children's rights also enhanced reintegration experiences. Continued psychosocial support, educational assistance, follow-up services, and provision of basic needs after reintegration further promoted children's well-being, resilience, and social integration. Institutional support emerged as the most influential predictor of successful reintegration. The study concludes that reintegration is not a one-time placement event but a continuous process that requires coordinated support before, during, and after a child leaves institutional care. The study recommends strengthening pre-reintegration preparation, enhancing the implementation and monitoring of child protection policies, and expanding post-reintegration support services to improve the long-term well-being and successful adjustment of reintegrated children. Keywords: Child reintegration; family-based care; Charitable Children's Institutions (CCIs); institutional support; post-reintegration services; child protection policy; Meru County; Kenya.
A SYSTEM DYNAMICS FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING A LIFE CYCLE COSTING MODEL FOR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Purpose of the study: This study proposes a qualitative System Dynamics (SD) framework for developing an LCC estimation model tailored to LNG operations. Problem Statement: Life Cycle Cost (LCC) models are employed to enable strategic planning and allocation across all phases of LNG production, from feasibility studies to final investment and operational decisions. However, their development is inherently complex due to a spectrum of multifaceted, complex, dynamic, and interactive cost drivers. Methodology: The framework utilised the Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) concept of SD to identify key LNG production cost-related variables and establish their interrelationship. The causal interactions of the factors were subsequently investigated after identifying the Feedback Loops (FBLs) generated from the developed CLD. Results of the Study: At least twenty FBLs were identified in relation to activities spanning - feed gas supply, operation, maintenance, transport, and economics covering multiple cost drivers that include feed gas requirement, plant operation, Equipment Availability, Maintenance Action, total Cost of Production, and profitability. The analysis highlighted the LNG process as inherently goal-driven, with system stability and optimization emerging from the ongoing interplay among its interconnected subsystems. Conclusion and Recommendation: By recognising the nature of these cost factors, this approach lays the groundwork for further expansion towards building a robust simulation model capable of supporting strategic decision-making and enhancing the accuracy of LNG project evaluations. Keywords: Life cycle cost, Liquefied natural gas, System dynamics, Causal diagram, Feedback loop.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AFRICAN EDUCATION: ETHICAL, CULTURAL, AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS THROUGH FAITH-BASED INSTITUTIONS AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
Purpose of the study: This paper examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be integrated into African education in ways that are ethically sound, culturally grounded, and practically feasible, with particular attention to faith-based institutions and Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). Problem statement: While global discourse positions AI as a transformative force in education, research on its ethical, practical, and culturally relevant application within African contexts remains limited. Most tools are developed in Western settings, raising concerns about infrastructural fit, cultural relevance, and ethical appropriateness for African learners. Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative case study approach drawing on document analysis, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions in Kenyan faith-based schools and IKS-informed programmes. Data were examined using thematic analysis, with triangulation and member checking used to strengthen trustworthiness. Results of the study: AI adoption is strongly context-dependent, shaped by infrastructure and teacher capacity. Faith-based institutions provide infrastructure, pedagogical guidance, and community trust that ease adoption, while IKS integration improves engagement, cultural relevance, and heritage preservation. Persistent concerns include weak infrastructure, limited teacher training, data privacy, and algorithmic bias. Conclusion and policy recommendation: A hybrid model combining faith-based support structures with IKS-informed AI design offers a sustainable, ethical, and culturally relevant pathway for AI adoption. Governments, educators, developers, and faith-based institutions should collaborate to build infrastructure, train teachers, safeguard data, and embed local values, advancing Sustainable Development Goal 4. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, African Education, Faith-Based Institutions, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Cultural Relevance
GREEN INNOVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE IN PLASTIC RECYCLING: EVIDENCE FROM ECOPOST LTD, NAIROBI, KENYA
Purpose of the study: To examine whether cleaner production technologies significantly influence the Recycling and Reuse Rate (%) at Eco Post Ltd, a plastic recycling MSME in Nairobi, Kenya, while assessing the moderating role of policy and regulatory support. Short introduction of problem statement: The increasing accumulation of plastic waste has intensified the need for firms to integrate sustainability into their operations. However, despite growing theoretical evidence linking green innovation to environmental performance, there is limited firm-level empirical evidence on this relationship, particularly among micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in developing economies. Method/methodology: The study adopted a quantitative explanatory research design grounded in the Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) and the Porter Hypothesis. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and 12 months of operational production records from a purposively sampled population of 60 respondents at Eco Post Ltd. Pearson correlation, multiple regression, and moderated regression analyses were used to test the study hypotheses. Results of the study: The findings revealed that cleaner production technologies have a statistically significant positive effect on recycling and reuse performance (β = 0.31, p = 0.002). Waste management practices and eco-design also demonstrated strong positive effects on recycling performance. Additionally, policy and regulatory support significantly moderated the relationship between green innovation practices and recycling performance. Conclusion and policy recommendation: The study concludes that cleaner production technologies and other green innovation practices significantly enhance recycling performance in plastic recycling MSMEs. The findings support both the Natural Resource-Based View and the Porter Hypothesis within a developing economy context. The study recommends that managers invest in cleaner production technologies and eco-innovation initiatives, while policymakers strengthen supportive environmental policies and regulatory frameworks to accelerate the transition toward a circular economy and improve sustainable waste management practices in sub-Saharan Africa. Keywords: Cleaner production technologies, Green innovation, Recycling and reuse rate, MSMEs, circular economy, Natural Resource-Based View, Porter Hypothesis
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL RESILIENCE OF SMES IN NAIROBI, KENYA: AN EMPIRICAL REVIEW
Purpose of the study: This paper reviews the empirical literature on how social networks shape entrepreneurial resilience among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi, Kenya, drawing on studies published between 2016 and 2026. Problem statement: SMEs anchor a large share of Kenya's employment and output, yet a substantial proportion collapse within their first five years, worn down by financial instability, regulatory complexity and volatile markets. Entrepreneurs lean on their social ties to absorb these shocks, but the literature explaining how this happens is scattered across disconnected strands. Method/methodology: The study followed a qualitative systematic literature review design guided by the PRISMA framework (Moher et al., 2009). Fifty-four peer-reviewed studies survived a staged screening process across Scopus, Web of Science, JSTOR, Emerald Insight and Google Scholar, and were synthesized thematically. Results of the study: Social networks turned out to be multidimensional, spanning professional and business ties, family and close social relationships, institutional and ecosystem links, and digital platforms. These operate through four mechanisms, resource mobilization, knowledge sharing, psychological support and collaborative problem-solving, that reinforce one another rather than working in isolation. Social Capital Theory was the dominant lens (38.9% of studies), ahead of Network Theory (27.8%), Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Theory (20.4%) and the Resource-Based View (13.0%). Four gaps stood out: resilience is rarely treated as its own outcome variable, African settings remain under-studied, network dimensions are examined piecemeal, and digital networking dynamics are poorly integrated into existing theory. Conclusion and policy recommendation: Social networks function as survival infrastructure for Nairobi's SMEs rather than a peripheral advantage. Deliberate investment in both physical and digital networking ecosystems, by entrepreneurs, institutions and policymakers alike, would materially strengthen the sector's capacity to withstand shocks. Keywords: Social networks, entrepreneurial resilience, SMEs, empirical literature review, social capital, Nairobi
MONITORING AND EVALUATION PRACTICES AND QUALITY SERVICE DELIVERY IN MACHAKOS COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA
Statement of the Problem: Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) is a critical management function that enhances accountability, evidence-based decision-making, and organizational performance. Despite substantial fiscal transfers to Kenya's county governments since the introduction of devolution in 2013, the quality of public service delivery remains below expectations, partly due to weaknesses in monitoring and evaluation systems. Purpose of the Study: This study examined the influence of monitoring and evaluation practices on quality service delivery in Machakos County Government. Specifically, the study assessed the effects of M&E training, M&E planning, stakeholder engagement, and M&E reporting on quality service delivery. Research Methodology: The study was guided by Human Capital Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and Performance Theory and adopted a descriptive research design. A stratified random sample of 130 county officials was drawn from a target population of 143 employees involved in planning, monitoring, and reporting county development programmes. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires administered through Kobo Toolbox, achieving an 87% response rate (n = 113). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The findings revealed that all four M&E practices had positive and statistically significant relationships with quality service delivery. Multiple regression analysis showed that M&E planning (β = 0.287, p < 0.001) was the strongest predictor of quality service delivery, followed by M&E reporting (β = 0.264, p < 0.001), M&E training (β = 0.218, p < 0.001), and stakeholder engagement (β = 0.195, p = 0.001). The four variables jointly explained 72.6% of the variation in quality service delivery (R² = 0.726). Conclusion: The study concludes that strengthening monitoring and evaluation practices, particularly planning and reporting, significantly improves service delivery in county governments. Recommendation: The study recommends institutionalizing comprehensive M&E frameworks, investing in staff capacity development, strengthening stakeholder participation, and enhancing the use of M&E findings in planning, budgeting, and decision-making to improve public sector performance. Keywords: Monitoring, Evaluation Practices, Quality Service, Delivery, Machakos County Government