African Journal of Emerging Issues - is scholarly, open access, peer reviewed, double blind, interdisciplinary, and fully refereed journal focusing on theories, methods and applications in medicine, Engineering, Technology and Applied sciences. The Editorial Board is very committed to build the Journal as one of the leading African Journals of Emerging issues in the next few years to come. The Journal's reputation will be enhanced from arrangements with several organizers of international conferences in publishing selected best papers of the conference proceedings. Aim African Journal of Emerging Issues(AJOEI) is aimed to provide a highly readable and valuable addition to the literature, which will serve as an indispensable reference tool for years to come and provide a medium through which scholars and researchers all over the world publish their scholarly applied and fundamental research works including all new theoretical and experimental findings. Scope The coverage of the Journal publishes research articles and encourages the submission of critical review articles covering advances in recent research of such fields as well as technical notes. AJOEI will continue to provide information on the latest emerging trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. Submission: Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically through the ONLINE SUBMISSION CENTRE Or As Email attachment to journals@ajoeijournals.org
ZONING REGULATIONS AND STRATEGIC INVESTOR ATTRACTION IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR: PERSPECTIVES FROM NAIROBI CITY COUNTY
Purpose of Study: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between zoning regulations and strategic investor attraction in Nairobi’s real estate sector, focusing on land use restrictions, building height limits, and density allowances. Problem Statement: The real estate sector has been an essential driver of economic growth in many cities, yet the role of zoning regulations in influencing strategic investor attraction remains underexplored in some urban contexts. Zoning regulations, which define land use, building height limits, and density allowances, play a pivotal role in shaping urban development and investor confidence. Methodology: The study employed a desktop review methodology, which involved synthesizing existing literature on the subject to identify key trends, challenges, and knowledge gaps. The findings reveal that well-structured and consistently enforced zoning regulations provide the necessary clarity and predictability that investors seek, while inconsistent or overly restrictive regulations hinder investment by creating uncertainty. Result: The study also showed the importance of regulatory coordination, flexibility in zoning policies, and alignment with broader urban planning frameworks to attract investors. Recommendation: Nairobi’s local government authorities should streamline zoning regulations, integrate them with infrastructure planning, and foster greater coordination between regulatory bodies to enhance investor confidence. Keywords: Zoning Regulations, Strategic Investor Attraction, Real Estate Sector, Urban Development, Nairobi City County
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EVALUATING GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON YOUTH-DRIVEN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA
Agriculture remains the cornerstone of Kenya's economy, contributing approximately 33% of Gross Domestic Product and employing over 40% of the population. However, youth participation in the sector continues to decline despite high unemployment rates among young people exceeding 38%. The Kenyan government has developed numerous policy frameworks including the Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy 2019-2029, Kenya Youth Agribusiness Strategy 2018-2022, and Kenya Youth Development Policy 2019 aimed at integrating youth into agricultural value chains. This paper evaluated the effectiveness of these government policies in promoting youth-driven agriculture and rural development in Kenya. The paper adopted a desktop research methodology, reviewing and synthesizing secondary data from government policy documents, peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional reports, and statistical publications. The analysis was anchored on Human Capital Theory which posits that investments in education, skills development, and enabling environments enhance individual productivity and economic contribution. Findings revealed significant gaps between policy articulation and implementation outcomes. Structural barriers including limited land access due to customary tenure systems, financial exclusion arising from stringent collateral requirements, inadequate skills development programs, and weak rural digital infrastructure continue to constrain youth engagement in agriculture. Coordination failures among government ministries and development partners resulted in fragmented interventions with limited sustainability. Monitoring and evaluation systems remained inadequate for evidence-based policy refinement. The paper concludes that existing policies have largely failed to translate into tangible opportunities for youth in agriculture, threatening Kenya's food security and rural economic vitality as the farming population ages without adequate generational replacement. Recommendations include establishing youth land banks, developing dedicated agricultural credit facilities, reforming agricultural education curricula, accelerating rural digital infrastructure investments, instituting interministerial coordination mechanisms, and strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems to track youth agricultural engagement outcomes. Keywords: Government Policies, Youth-Driven Agriculture & Rural Development
FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT AND PROFITABILITY OF THE TOP 100 SMES IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the effect of financial risk management on the profitability of the top 100 SMEs in Kenya between 2018 and 2023. Methodology: The study employed an explanatory research design. The population comprised Top 100 SMEs between 2018 and 2023, with a census of 40 consistently listed firms selected for analysis. Data were collected through questionnaires and audited financial statements. Analysis was conducted using SPSS. Findings: The study revealed that financial risk management significantly affected profitability (β = 0.600, R² = 0.16, p = 0.013), explaining 16% of profitability variance. The analysis showed that 94.6% of firms were exposed to various financial risks including market, credit, liquidity, and operational risks, with 92% conducting regular risk assessments. However, insurance coverage remained inconsistent across the study period, achieving adequate levels only in 2019, 2022, and 2023. Most SMEs (78%) conducted annual risk reviews, though more frequent monitoring was less common. The profitability trend analysis revealed fluctuating patterns, with years 2020, 2022, and 2023 recording healthy profit margins while 2018, 2019, and 2021 showed weaker performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that financial risk management significantly influences profitability among Kenya's top-performing SMEs. Recommendations: The study recommends that SME owners should adopt comprehensive risk management frameworks with continuous monitoring systems, strengthen insurance coverage, and invest in capacity building through targeted training programs. Policymakers should develop support programs providing subsidized access to risk management advisory services, while financial institutions should create products that reward strong risk management practices with favorable lending terms. Keywords: Financial risk management, profitability, top 100 SMES, Kenya
EFFECTS OF LECTURERS’ ICT SKILLS FOR ONLINE LEARNING TRANSFORMATION IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Purpose of Study: This study examined the effect of lecturers’ ICT skills on online learning transformation in public universities in Kenya. The objectives were to assess lecturers’ ICT skills and determine how these competencies influence online learning delivery. Problem Statement: Although institutions have invested in digital infrastructure, limited lecturer competence in developing and administering e-content still poses a challenge, thereby slowing full e-learning integration. Methodology: The study focused on seven purposively selected public universities and targeted lecturers, ICT staff, registrars and students. A total population of 537 respondents (153 staff and 384 students) participated, selected using stratified and simple random sampling procedures. Grounded on the Technology Acceptance Model and Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the study applied a descriptive quantitative research design. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews, validated through expert review and pilot testing. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.762 to 0.778. Data were analyzed using SPSS through descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Findings revealed that 68.6% of respondents were male, while 56.3% of ICT staff were aged 31–40 years. Students agreed that lecturers could deliver e-content (M=1.890) and use LMS platforms (M=2.000), while ICT staff were uncertain about lecturers’ capacity to develop online materials (M=2.743). Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concludes that online learning transformation depends heavily on ICT skills, and recommends continuous ICT training, enhanced digital support systems and structured e-learning policies. Keywords: Capacity building, E-learning, ICT skills, Online learning, Public universities, Technology adoption.
STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCE MOBILIZATION PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined how strategic resource mobilization practices such as funding diversification, grant acquisition, endowment mobilization, and asset commercialization affect the performance of public universities in Kenya. Problem Statement: Public universities in Kenya face persistent financial constraints due to declining government funding, rising enrolments, and inadequate resource mobilization structures. Weak implementation of diversification strategies, limited grant-writing capacity, and underdeveloped endowment systems hinder institutional performance. Research Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used, targeting 36 public universities and collecting data from 154 senior management staff. Structured Likert-scale questionnaires captured information on resource mobilization practices and university performance. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and chi-square tests with SPSS version 27. Results of the Study: The study found low implementation of resource mobilization practices and correspondingly low institutional performance. Strong positive correlations were observed between all strategic practices and performance, particularly funding diversification and grant capacity. Chi-square analysis showed endowment fund mobilization had a significant association with performance. Conclusion: Strategic resource mobilization practices are crucial for improving university performance but remain insufficiently adopted. Recommendations: Universities should enhance revenue diversification, build grant acquisition capabilities, and establish structured endowment models. Policymakers should create supportive national frameworks to strengthen financial sustainability across public universities. Keywords: Resource mobilization, university performance, funding diversification, endowment funds, grant acquisition, asset commercialization
DESIGNING AN OPTIMIZED MODEL FOR ENHANCING SMART CLASSROOM UTILIZATION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT, RWANDA
The study investigated the key predictors of smart classroom utilization in public secondary schools in Gicumbi District, Rwanda, and developed an evidence-based optimized model to enhance digital learning. The study employed a quantitative correlational design with 175 senior three students selected through purposive sampling from schools with functional smart classrooms. Data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression and binary logistic regression. Findings revealed that interactivity and collaboration were significantly influenced by Technological Infrastructure, Pedagogical Readiness, and Institutional Support, whereas Critical Thinking and Active Engagement were primarily driven by Learning Environment and Learner Commitment. Peer Support and Instructional Proficiency had moderate contributions, and Pedagogical Readiness negatively affected Active Engagement. The results indicate that effective smart classroom utilization depends on a combination of technological, pedagogical, institutional, and learner-related factors. The study concludes that smart classroom utilization in Gicumbi District is driven by interconnected technological, pedagogical, institutional, and learner-related factors, with technological infrastructure, pedagogical readiness, and institutional support strongly influencing interactivity and collaboration, while learning environment and learner commitment mainly shape critical thinking and active engagement. Recommendations include prioritizing teacher professional development, improving technological infrastructure, fostering learner engagement, and establishing supportive institutional policies to maximize the benefits of smart classroom investments, ultimately enhancing digital learning outcomes in rural Rwandan secondary schools. Keywords: Designing, optimized model, smart classroom utilization, public secondary schools, Gicumbi District, Rwanda
INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIC INNOVATION PRACTICES ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITALS IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the influence of strategic innovation practices on the operational performance of national referral hospitals in Kenya. Problem statement: National referral hospitals in Kenya experience persistent operational inefficiencies, including long patient waiting times, overcrowding, and inconsistent service quality, despite ongoing health sector reforms and technological advancements. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design using stratified random sampling of 384 healthcare professionals, with data collected through structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Findings: The findings revealed that technological, process, organizational, and service innovations had strong positive and significant effects on operational performance, with organizational innovation exerting the strongest influence. Conclusion: The study concluded that strategic innovation significantly improves hospital operational performance. Recommendations: The study recommends that national referral hospitals should intensify investment in digital health infrastructure, strengthen and update standard operating procedures, expand lean management and triage systems, institutionalize organizational innovations through decentralized decision-making and staff empowerment and establish reward systems that promote innovative practices. Keywords: Strategic innovation, operational performance, national referral hospitals, technological innovation, service innovation
INCENTIVES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN WESTERN WATER AND SANITATION FORUM, KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of Study: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of different forms of incentives on employee performance within non-governmental organizations with specific reference to WEWASAFO. Problem Statement: NGOs in Kenya, including WEWASAFO are faced with serious operational challenges due to lack of institutional continuity brought about by high employee turnover. The National Council of NGOs estimates the turnover rate in this sector at 26% per year. WEWASAFO has had a turnover rate of between 15-20% per year in the last 5 years, leading to knowledge gaps, workflow interruptions and this affects the ability of the organization to achieve their objectives. Methodology: This study adopted a descriptive design to provide a clear picture of the variables involved and census approach was adopted. Primary data was collected using close-ended questionnaires. The statistical analysis of the data was performed with the help of the SPSS software package. Result: Regression findings indicated that employee performance was strongly positively influenced by compensation and reward systems. Recognition practices should be institutionalized in order to enhance motivation. Recommendation: Future research should compare results in the public, private, and NGO sectors, investigate the moderating effect of leadership style and organizational culture, and use longitudinal designs to measure long-term impacts. Keywords: Incentives, Compensation, Rewards, Recognition, Employee Performance
KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE AMONG TRAVEL FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of knowledge sharing on organizational resilience among travel firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Knowledge sharing has emerged as a critical organizational capability for strengthening resilience in today’s unpredictable business environment. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-methods research design targeting 286 respondents drawn from 224 travel firms and 62 representatives of tourism institutions including KATO, KATA, TOSK, Ecotourism Kenya, the Tourism Regulatory Authority, the Tourism Promotion Fund, the Kenya Tourism Board, the Tourism Research Institute, the Kenya Tourism Federation, the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre (EA), the Tourism Professional Association, and the State Department of Tourism. Findings: The study found that knowledge sharing had a significant positive effect on organizational resilience among travel firms. Qualitative findings revealed that while some travel firms had initiated mechanisms for sharing knowledge, many relied heavily on informal approaches such as WhatsApp groups, team briefings, and ad hoc meetings, with limited use of structured systems or formalized communication frameworks. Conclusion: The study concludes that knowledge sharing is a vital driver of organizational resilience, enabling travel firms to respond more effectively to uncertainty, streamline decision-making, and strengthen continuity planning. Firms with structured, well-coordinated knowledge-sharing systems demonstrated greater operational adaptability and stronger recovery capacity during disruptions. Recommendations: The study recommends that travel firms adopt formalized communication systems, invest in collaborative digital platforms, and strengthen institutional structures that support transparent information flows. Keywords: knowledge sharing, organizational resilience, travel firms in nairobi city county, Kenya
STRATEGIC REVENUE COLLECTION AUTOMATION AND REVENUE GROWTH IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY
Purpose of the Study: This study examined how revenue collection automation influences revenue performance within Nairobi City County Government. Problem Statement: Despite major investments in digital systems, Nairobi City County still faces revenue gaps due to fragmented platforms, low ICT capacity, limited taxpayer trust, and weak infrastructure that hinder effective automation. Research Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,639 revenue staff from various sub-counties. Stratified random sampling was used to select a representative sample. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression modelling. The findings were presented using tables and figures for clarity and interpretation. Findings: The study found a positive and statistically significant relationship between the major automation component system integration, ICT competency, taxpayer awareness, and infrastructure adequacy and revenue growth in Nairobi County. Automation was shown to enhance compliance, reduce leakages, and support more efficient revenue administration when supported by adequate human and technological capacity. Conclusion: The study concludes that revenue automation can significantly strengthen revenue performance when supported by proper system integration, continuous staff training, strong infrastructure, and high levels of user acceptance. Recommendations: The study recommends comprehensive policy reforms focusing on end-to-end system interoperability, staff capacity development, taxpayer digital literacy programs, and sustained investment in ICT infrastructure. Enhancing user acceptance and adoption is also essential to maximize the benefits of revenue automation. Keywords: Automation, revenue performance, system integration, ICT competency, taxpayer compliance, infrastructure adequacy
MEDIATING EFFECT OF STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION ON THE NEXUS BETWEEN INTEGRATIVE LEADERSHIP AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL STATE CORPORATIONS IN KENYA: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Kenya's commercial state corporations remain central to economic transformation under Vision 2030, yet many continue experiencing governance crises, financial instability, and operational inefficiencies despite repeated leadership reforms. The persistent bailouts of Kenya Airways and challenges at Kenya Power exemplify the gap between leadership capacity and sustainable performance. This study examined the mediating role of strategy implementation in the relationship between integrative leadership and organisational performance in Kenyan state corporations. Adopting a Systematic Literature Review approach, the study synthesises empirical evidence from 2018 to 2025 across Kenyan and international contexts. Findings reveal that integrative leadership encompassing transformational, transactional, and participatory practicescreates enabling conditions including motivation, inclusivity, and accountability. However, leadership alone proves insufficient for organisational outcomes. Strategy implementation emerges as the critical mechanism translating leadership vision into measurable results. Evidence from Kenya shows execution is frequently undermined by political interference, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and weak accountability structures, whereas international cases demonstrate that institutionalised executional systems yield more consistent performance improvements. Theoretically grounded in the Full Range Leadership Model and Resource-Based View, the study frames executional capacity as a strategic resource that is valuable, rare, and difficult to replicate. The analysis concludes that leadership and execution are interdependent drivers of performance. Practical recommendations include insulating corporations from political interference, embedding digital monitoring systems, institutionalising participatory governance, and strengthening accountability frameworks. Ultimately, the sustainability of Kenya's state corporations depends on bridging the vision–execution gap through institutionalised executional excellence. Keywords: Strategy Implementation, Integrative Leadership, Organisational Performance & Commercial State Corporations
LEADERSHIP SUCCESSION PLANNING IN SELECTED INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING IN KENYA: MYTH OR REALITY?
Leadership succession planning in institutions of higher learning is a critical but often overlooked component of organisational management. In Kenya, many universities face challenges in maintaining leadership continuity due to the absence of structured succession planning frameworks. This study sought to examine the challenges that hinder effective leadership succession planning, assess its impact on organisational stability and continuity, and propose strategies for enhancing leadership development in higher education institutions. The research was anchored on Contingency Theory, the Resource-Based View (RBV), and Institutional Theory, which together provide a robust theoretical foundation for understanding how succession planning influences institutional performance and governance. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide comprehensive insights. The target population comprised university administrators, faculty members, and policymakers, with data collected through surveys, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. Findings from the study highlighted significant gaps in leadership succession planning, including inadequate leadership development programmes, weak talent retention strategies, political interference, and limited alignment between succession planning and institutional strategic goals. The study concludes that while leadership succession planning is acknowledged as essential, its implementation in Kenyan universities remains fragmented and underdeveloped. To address these shortcomings, the study proposes actionable recommendations, including the development of formalized succession planning policies, strengthened mentorship and coaching programmes, prioritization of merit-based internal promotions, and the allocation of adequate resources to leadership development. These findings not only contribute to the growing body of literature on governance in higher education but also provide practical insights for policymakers and institutional leaders seeking to ensure sustainable leadership continuity and institutional stability. Keywords: Leadership Succession Planning, Higher Learning
MODERATION EFFECT OF STRATEGIC DECISION-MAKING ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIES IN KENYA
Purpose of Study: This study investigated the moderating effect of strategic decision-making (SDM) on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the performance of community pharmacies in Kenya. Problem Statement: Despite high consumer demand, Kenya’s community pharmacies exhibit widespread stagnation because their strategic choices are focused on operational survival rather than growth-oriented strategies. Methodology: The research was theoretically based on the Entrepreneurial Personality System for addressing decision-maker traits. Using a quantitative cross-sectional design, data were collected from pharmacy operators (N = 222, response rate: 59.04%) via a structured questionnaire. Result: SDM showed no statistically significant moderating effect (Proact × SDM: β = 0.114, p = 0.598; Risk × SDM: β = -0.397, p = 0.087), but was a potential direct predictor of firm performance (SDM: β = 0.197, p = 0.065). The study concluded that SDM cannot moderate the EO-performance relationship if the strategic mindset required to do so is absent among entrepreneurs. Recommendation: Pharmacy regulators and other policy actors could add strategic training to licensing-related continuing education and help practitioners understand how to develop scalable business models. Keywords: Entrepreneurial orientation, community pharmacy, risk-taking, innovative, proactive, performance
RESOURCE BASED MOBILIZATIONS PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF CONSERVANCY PROJECTS IN NORTHERN KENYA REGION
Purpose of the Study: The study examined how resource-based mobilization practices influence the performance of conservancy projects in Northern Kenya. It specifically assessed the effect of resource identification, resource acquisition, resource allocation, and resource management on the effectiveness of conservancy operations across the region. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design, conducted a census of 40 conservancy projects and collected data from 120 respondents comprising conservancy managers, chairpersons, and wardens using structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 26, applying descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression. Findings: The study found that resource identification, resource acquisition, resource allocation, and resource management all had a significant positive effect on conservancy project performance, with resource allocation and resource management emerging as the strongest predictors of performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that resource-based mobilization practices are critical drivers of conservancy project performance in Northern Kenya, and strengthening these practices enhances efficiency, coordination, and sustainability. Recommendations: The study recommends enhancing structured resource identification procedures, improving acquisition systems through transparent and timely processes, strengthening allocation mechanisms to ensure equitable and need-based distribution, and adopting robust resource management practices that support monitoring, accountability, and optimal utilization across conservancies. Keywords: Resource-based mobilization, conservancy projects, project performance, Northern Kenya.
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCCER PROJECTS IN KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study aimed to examine how resource management influences the effective implementation of soccer projects in Kajiado County, Kenya. It specifically assessed the role of time management, financial management, technology resource management and project teams in determining project success within the county. Methodology: The study used a descriptive design, sampled 215 team leaders through simple random sampling, collected data using a structured five-point Likert questionnaire and analysed the quantitative results using SPSS Version 25 with multiple regression. Findings: The study found that time management, financial management, technology resource management and project team management all significantly improved soccer project implementation, with financial management showing the strongest influence. Conclusion: The study concludes that resource management is a central determinant of successful soccer project implementation in Kajiado County. Recommendations: The study recommends that implementing agencies should strengthen time management through realistic scheduling and close monitoring; should enhance financial management by enforcing transparent budgeting, regular audits and prudent resource utilization; should invest in relevant technologies supported by adequate technical capacity; and should prioritize structured project team development with clear roles and progressive skills enhancement to improve implementation effectiveness. Keywords: Resource management, implementation, soccer projects, Kajiado County, Kenya
INFLUENCE OF CHAIN OF COMMAND ON STRATEGIC PLAN IMPLEMENTATION IN THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF NAKURU, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of chain of command on strategic plan implementation in the County Government of Nakuru, Kenya. Problem Statement: The study was prompted by the persistent inefficiencies and inconsistencies in strategic plan implementation within the County Government of Nakuru despite having formal governance and administrative structures in place to enhance coordination and decision-making. Methodology: The study employed correlational descriptive research design targeting 153 employees in job groups P and Q across eleven county ministries, with sample of 111 respondents selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS through descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The study found a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between chain of command and strategic plan implementation (r = 0.800, p = 0.000). The findings imply that clarity in reporting lines, effective communication flow, and accountability across managerial levels greatly enhance the realization of strategic objectives. Conclusion: The study concludes that a well-structured chain of command enhances coordination, decision-making, and the effective implementation of strategic plans in the County Government of Nakuru. Recommendations: The study recommends that the county leadership should clearly define roles and responsibilities to ensure accountability and smooth coordination across departments. They should also regularly review administrative structures to identify and eliminate bottlenecks that hinder effective strategic plan implementation. Keywords: Chain of Command, Strategic Plan Implementation, Organizational Structure
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE AND LOAN PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING SACCOS IN NAKURU COUNTY KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined the relationship between firm size, governance structure and loan performance among Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nakuru County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Deposit Taking SACCOs play a critical role in promoting financial inclusion, mobilizing savings, and extending affordable credit to support socio-economic growth in Kenya. However, persistent challenges related to governance weaknesses continue to undermine loan performance, leading to rising levels of non-performing loans and reduced financial stability Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design and used a census approach targeting 65 respondents comprising credit officers, internal audit and compliance officers, finance officers, operations managers, and chief executive officers from Deposit-Taking SACCOs in Nakuru County. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing both descriptive statistics and inferential techniques such as correlation and regression to examine the relationship between governance structure and loan performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that effective governance characterized by strong board oversight, internal control mechanisms and sound risk management enhances loan recovery, reduces default rates and promotes financial sustainability. Recommendation: The study recommends that SACCOs should strengthen their governance frameworks and ensure strict compliance with regulatory standards to enhance credit discipline and institutional performance. Boards should promote transparency, accountability, and ethical leadership to sustain sound lending practices and improve overall financial stability. Keywords: Governance Structure, Loan Performance, SACCOs, Nakuru County, SASRA
INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN ANIMAL FEEDS INDUSTRY IN NAKURU CITY, KENYA
Statement of the Problem: Animal feeds industry in Kenya faces volatility in raw material supply, increasing regulatory pressures, and rising import competition. However, gaps in strategic organizational behaviors at the individual, group, and technological levels continue to hinder optimal performance. Purpose of the Study: This study sought to examine the influence of strategic organizational behaviors on competitive advantage among animal feeds manufacturing firms in Nakuru City, Kenya. Guided by the hypothesis that strategic individual behavior does not significantly influence competitive advantage Methodology: The study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design under a pragmatic philosophy. The target population comprised 3,785 employees across 38 firms, with a final quantitative sample of 400 respondents determined using Cochran’s formula for finite populations, and 20 key informants purposively selected for qualitative insights. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews, with validity confirmed by expert review and reliability established through Cronbach’s alpha coefficients exceeding 0.7. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Results: The findings revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between strategic individual behavior and competitive advantage (r = 0.762, p < 0.01). Regression analysis further showed that strategic individual behavior had a significant effect on competitive advantage (β = 0.251, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that fostering leadership development, motivation, skill enhancement, and constructive feedback strengthens employees’ strategic engagement, thereby enhancing firm competitiveness. Recommendation: The study recommended that firms institutionalize leadership and motivation programs, align individual goals with organizational objectives, and invest in continuous professional development to sustain long-term competitive advantage. Keywords: Strategic individual behavior, competitive advantage, leadership, motivation, employee performance.
INFLUENCE OF REPORT MONITORING PRACTICE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ROAD PROJECTS IN NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of Study: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of report monitoring practices on the implementation of road projects in Nakuru County, Kenya. Problem Statement: The implementation of road projects in Nakuru County, Kenya, is hindered by ineffective report monitoring practices, leading to poor transparency, delayed decision-making, and failure to achieve project objectives. These issues undermine the sustainability and accountability of road infrastructure development. Methodology: A correlational research design was employed, targeting 447 stakeholders, with a sample of 211 respondents selected using stratified random sampling. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression analysis) via SPSS Version 26.0. Result: Report monitoring practices showed a strong positive influence on road project implementation (β = 1.098, p = 0.000), with a high correlation (r = 0.753, p < 0.01). Recommendation: The Nakuru County government and road agencies should adopt standardized reporting templates and digital tools to enhance transparency and decision-making. Future research should explore barriers to standardizing report monitoring in resource-constrained settings. Keywords: Report Monitoring Practices, Road Project Implementation, Transparency, Nakuru County, Infrastructure Development.
STRENGTHENING PUBLIC VALUE OF HEALTH RESEARCH THROUGH STRATEGIC SCIENCE COMMUNICATION IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: Health research in Kenya continues to generate valuable scientific evidence, yet its translation into public understanding, policy action, and community health practices remains uneven. Hence, this study examined how science communication can enhance the societal value of health research and identifies strategies that can support meaningful engagement between researchers and diverse publics. Methodology: Using a desktop review approach, the study synthesizes peer-reviewed research, institutional publications, conference proceedings, and communication initiatives documented between 2018 and 2025. Findings: Analysis reveals growing interest in public engagement and increased institutional investments in communication capacity; however, gaps persist in audience segmentation, language accessibility, communication planning, and sustained funding. Conclusion: The study concludes that embedding communication into the research cycle, rather than treating it as an end-stage activity, is essential for enhancing trust, policy uptake, and community participation in health research. Recommendations: The study recommends an integrated Community-Centered Science Communication (CCSC) Framework, which emphasizes co-creation with communities, multi-platform dissemination, culturally grounded messaging, and structured partnerships between scientists, journalists, policymakers, and civil society actors. Keywords: Science communication, public engagement, Health research translation, Kenya, Evidence use, Knowledge mobilization.
INTEGRATING INTERNATIONAL HAZARD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS INTO UGANDA’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH FRAMEWORKS
Hazard classification is a cornerstone of global chemical safety management, essential for protecting human health, property, and the environment. Two major frameworks—the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) and the United Nations hazard classification system embedded in the UN Model Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods—offer standardized approaches to identifying, categorizing, and communicating chemical hazards. Developed under the auspices of the United Nations, these systems facilitate international trade, regulatory harmonization, and risk mitigation across sectors. Uganda has progressively adopted both GHS and UN hazard class principles to strengthen its environmental and occupational health regulations, particularly through the National Environment Act and supporting legislation. As a signatory to key international conventions and a participant in global commerce, Uganda’s integration of these classification systems reflects its commitment to international standards and public safety. This qualitative study explored and presents results on the structure and application of both GHS and UN hazard classes, examines Uganda’s regulatory alignment, and discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation in the country’s environmental and occupational health frameworks. Keywords: Global harmonized system (GHS), hazard classes, Uganda, UN Model Regulations
EFFECT OF EXTENSION AND TRAINING KNOWLEDGE SHARING PROGRAMS ON COCONUT FARMING IN KILIFI COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study aimed to establish the effect of extension and training knowledge-sharing programs on coconut farming in Kilifi County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Despite coconut farming contributing approximately KSh 13 billion annually to Kenya’s economy, productivity has been declining due to outdated farming methods and inadequate extension services, limiting farmers’ access to modern agricultural knowledge and practices. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive survey design using questionnaires and interviews on a sample of 399 farmers and 7 extension officers from 162,648 coconut farmers in Kilifi County, with data analyzed in SPSS version 29 through descriptive and regression analysis. Findings: The study found that extension and training knowledge-sharing programs have a positive and statistically significant effect on coconut farming productivity in Kilifi County. Conclusion: Extension and training programs enhance farmers’ access to expert guidance, improve farming skills, and promote sustainable production practices, leading to better yields and value addition in the coconut sector. Recommendation: The study recommends regular workshops, demonstration plots, mobile-based advisory services, and partnerships with research institutions. Key Words: extension and training, knowledge-sharing programs, coconut farming, Kilifi County
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION STRATEGIES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AT KENYA FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Knowledge Application is critical for enhancing research and operational efficiency in knowledge-intensive institutions. This study sought to determine the impact of knowledge application strategies on organizational performance at the Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). The study adopted descriptive research design to determine the effect between the independent and dependent study variables. The target population included 178 employees from various department at KEFRI Headquarters, Muguga. This study adopted census method due to the small target population. Primary data was collected using structured online questionnaires which were sent via email. A pilot group of 18 employees working at KEFRI Eco-region, the Rift Valley Research Eco-Region Program in Londiani was used to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The collected data was entered into MS. excel and SPSS for further analysis computation. The findings provided actionable insights into optimizing knowledge application practices to enhance institutional capacity and achieve strategic objectives. The finding of the study established that knowledge application positively and significantly influenced organizational performance in KEFRI. The study concluded that knowledge application plays a pivotal role in enhancing organizational performance at KEFRI. The study recommends strengthening of KEFRI internal processes that are tasked with knowledge application should be prioritized. Key words: Knowledge application strategies, organizational performance, Kenya Forestry Research Institute
MARKET CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING PRACTICES: A CASE OF NEW KCC, NAIROBI, KENYA
This study investigated the influence of market culture on knowledge-sharing practices within the New Kenya Cooperative Creameries (New KCC) in Nairobi, Kenya. Grounded in Cameron and Quinn’s Competing Values Framework. The study conceptualized market culture as the independent variable and knowledge sharing as the dependent variable. A mixed methods approach was employed to provide both depth and breadth of understanding. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with senior managers to explore organizational knowledge dynamics, while quantitative data were collected via structured surveys administered to lower-level employees. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with senior managers to explore organizational knowledge dynamics, while quantitative data were collected via structured surveys administered to lower-level employees. Data analysis using simple linear regression revealed a moderate and positive relationship between market culture and knowledge-sharing practices. The findings indicate that market-oriented cultural attributes such as competitiveness, goal orientation, and performance focus, contribute significantly to knowledge exchange within the organization. The study concludes that strengthening market culture can enhance knowledge-sharing behaviors and organizational learning. It recommends that management foster open communication, employee engagement, innovation, and transparency to promote effective knowledge sharing and align departmental and organizational objectives. Keywords: Market Culture, Knowledge Sharing, Organizational Culture, New KCC, Kenya, Mixed Methods
“MBONA HUENDANGI KANISA?” HINTS AND NUANCES OF GROWING SECULARIZATION AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN RŪAKA, KĪAMBU COUNTY
Statement of the problem: The question "Mbona huendangi kanisa?" (Kiswahili for "Why don't you go to church?"), reflects a general concern about the noticeable decline in church attendance among young adults in Kenya, particularly in the rapidly urbanizing town of Rūaka. Many youth aged 18–35 are no longer prioritizing traditional church attendance and participation, instead choosing leisure activities or digital spiritual content. This decline signals a significant shift in religious practice and understanding, raising questions about the future role of institutional religion in urban Kenyan society. Method/Methodology: Using qualitative methods—semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and literature review—the study thematically analyzes emerging patterns of religious disengagement and reinterpretation, applying Peter Berger’s secularization theory tailored to Kenya’s urban setting. Results of the Study: Findings show young adults are not abandoning spirituality but are reshaping religious identities outside traditional institutions. Busy lifestyles, disillusionment with church leadership, and openness to pluralistic, individualized spirituality contribute to vibrant, culturally embedded spiritual expression despite declining institutional attendance. Conclusion: The study reveals a complex shift in religious engagement among Rūaka’s youth, where declining church participation coincides with the rise of personalized and hybrid spiritualities. Influenced by moral autonomy, digital media, and dissatisfaction with institutions, young adults are redefining faith through a blend of Christian and alternative practices, framed by secularization theory and Ubuntu philosophy. Recommendations: Religious institutions should adopt inclusive, dialogical approaches that honor community values like Ubuntu and leverage digital platforms. Prioritizing authentic relationships and responsiveness to social realities is key to relevance. Policymakers and religious leaders must support youth-focused programs integrating spirituality with cultural identity and contemporary challenges, fostering meaningful faith exploration. Keywords: Church, Rūaka, Spirituality, Secularization, Urban, Young Adults.
DETERMINANTS OF MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN HYPERTENSION: EVIDENCE FROM A DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY INTERVENTION
Purpose of the Study: The study examined the demographic determinants of medication adherence among patients with hypertension across three time points within a behavioral intervention context. Statement of the Problem: Despite clear benefits of adherence for blood pressure control and reduced complications, many patients fail to take medications consistently. Sociodemographic and clinical factors may influence adherence, but their role in shaping engagement with treatment remains underexplored. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was employed with 80 patients randomly assigned to an experimental group receiving Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) or a control group receiving usual care. Adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8, and demographic data were collected via a researcher-developed questionnaire. Analyses included bivariate comparisons and Generalized Estimating Equations to assess predictors over time. Results of the Study: At baseline, adherence did not differ across demographic or clinical characteristics. Post-intervention, education emerged as a significant determinant, with its influence increasing over time. Participants were 97% less likely to report moderate-to-high adherence at baseline compared to endline, and odds of adherence nearly doubled between midline and endline, highlighting progressive improvement. Conclusion and Policy Implications: Higher educational attainment appears to enhance understanding of disease, appreciation of treatment benefits, and capacity to overcome barriers. Integrating health education and behavioral interventions like DBT into chronic disease management can strengthen adherence outcomes. Policymakers and healthcare systems should provide structured support and tailor interventions to demographic contexts, while future research should explore how social, economic, and cultural factors intersect with adherence behavior. Keywords: Determinants, Medication Adherence, Hypertension, Dialectical Behavior, Therapy Intervention
STRATEGIC RESPONSE AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF TELECOMMUNICATION FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the influence of strategic response on competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population consisted of 192 respondents comprising strategic managers, marketing managers, and information technology managers drawn from 64 telecommunication firms through a census approach. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument using Cronbach's Alpha, content validity, face validity, and construct validity through Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including correlation and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The study found that process automation, product development, market development, and strategic alliances have positive influence on competitive advantage of telecommunication firms. Correlation results revealed strong positive associations between all strategic response variables and competitive advantage. Regression results indicated that product development, market development, and strategic alliances have significant positive relationships with competitive advantage, while process automation showed a positive but non-significant relationship. Conclusions: The study concludes that strategic response significantly influences competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Firms that effectively implement strategic response mechanisms through innovative processes, differentiated products, expanded market reach, and collaborative partnerships are better positioned to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Recommendations: The study recommends that managers of telecommunication firms should prioritize strategic response to improve competitive advantage by adopting process automation, product development, market development, and strategic alliances. Telecommunication firms should invest in automation technologies, develop differentiated products through innovation, engage in market penetration and customer segmentation, and establish strategic partnerships to enhance their competitive positioning in dynamic business environments. Keywords: Strategic response, competitive advantage, telecommunication firms, process automation, product development, market development, strategic alliances, Nairobi City County, Kenya
STRATEGIC MARKETING DIMENSIONS THROUGH CELEBRITY’S CREDIBILITY ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the effect of celebrity credibility on consumer purchase intentions among public university students in Western Kenya, focusing on Ariel detergent. Problem Statement: Despite the widespread use of celebrity endorsements in Kenya by brands such as Harpic, Molfix, and Ariel, many companies still experience inconsistent consumer responses. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 57,715 students from Maseno, Masinde Muliro, and Kibabii Universities. A sample of 397 students was selected using Yamane’s formula, with additional input from three Ariel merchandisers in Kakamega, Bungoma, and Kisumu. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha (α = 0.72), and validity was confirmed through KMO and Bartlett’s tests. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and linear regression at a 0.05 significance level. Results and Discussion: Findings revealed a strong positive relationship between celebrity credibility and consumer purchase intention (r = 0.866, p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that credibility accounted for 75% of the variation in purchase intention (R² = 0.750; β = 0.850, p = 0.000). Respondents emphasised that honest, skilled, and trustworthy celebrities enhanced their willingness to buy Ariel detergent. Merchandisers further confirmed that sales performance often improved when the endorsing celebrity exhibited moral integrity and professionalism. Conclusion: Celebrity credibility significantly influences consumer purchase intentions. Trustworthy and reliable endorsers build consumer confidence, while negative public perceptions reduce product trust and desirability. Recommendation: Marketers should select credible, ethical, and relatable celebrities aligned with brand values. Regulatory bodies should guide endorsement ethics, and future studies should explore how credibility interacts with other marketing factors such as brand loyalty and pricing. Keywords: Strategic Marketing, Dimensions, Celebrity’s Credibility, Consumer Purchase, Intention, Public University Students
DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY AND PERFORMANCE OF ONLINE PROGRAMS AMONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN NAIROBI METROPOLITAN AREA, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the effect of differentiation strategy on the performance of online programs among private universities in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area, Kenya. Methodology: A positivist, cross-sectional explanatory design was adopted. From a target of 155 administrators and managers across 20 private universities, 149 usable responses were obtained (96.1% response rate). Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed in SPSS v29 with descriptive statistics, model diagnostics, correlation, and simple linear regression. Findings: Results show that differentiation practices are embraced at a high level (overall M=3.94, SD=0.821), especially the use of innovative digital tools. Regression analysis indicated a positive, statistically significant relationship between differentiation and online program performance (R=0.529; R²=0.280; Adjusted R²=0.275; F (1,147) =57.127, p<.05). The unstandardized coefficient for differentiation was B=0.529 (SE=0.070; t=7.558; p<.05), implying that a one-unit improvement in differentiation is associated with a 0.529-unit increase in performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that strategic differentiation through distinctive curricula, superior pedagogy, and innovative technologies materially enhances enrolment, completion, and institutional standing of online programs. Recommendations: Universities should prioritize continuous content upgrading, learner-centred teaching, and technology-enabled delivery to sustain competitive advantage in digital higher education. Keywords: Differentiation strategy, online program performance & private universities.
INFLUENCE OF PRINCIPALS’ CHARACTERISTICS ON INTEGRATION OF ICT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MACHAKOS SUB-COUNTY
Purpose of the Study: The study aimed to investigate the influence of principals’ characteristics on the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in public secondary schools in Machakos Sub-County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Despite government efforts and ICT policies, many public secondary schools in Kenya still experience significant delays in effective ICT integration for teaching, learning, and management. Methodology: A descriptive research design was employed. Data were collected using questionnaires administered to Heads of Departments and interviews conducted with principals. Reliability of instruments was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings: The results revealed that principals’ characteristics—age, gender, technological background, academic qualification, and administrative experience—significantly influenced ICT integration in public secondary schools. Conclusion: Principals’ demographic and professional attributes play a critical role in determining the extent and effectiveness of ICT integration within secondary school settings. Recommendation: The study recommends continuous training and capacity-building programs for school managers to enhance their ICT competencies and strengthen their administrative effectiveness in promoting digital adoption in schools. Key words: ICT integration, IT, principal’s characteristics, public secondary schools, principals