African Journal of Emerging Issues - is scholarly, open access, peer reviewed, double blind, interdisciplinary, and fully refereed journal focusing on theories, methods and applications in medicine, Engineering, Technology and Applied sciences. The Editorial Board is very committed to build the Journal as one of the leading African Journals of Emerging issues in the next few years to come. The Journal's reputation will be enhanced from arrangements with several organizers of international conferences in publishing selected best papers of the conference proceedings. Aim African Journal of Emerging Issues(AJOEI) is aimed to provide a highly readable and valuable addition to the literature, which will serve as an indispensable reference tool for years to come and provide a medium through which scholars and researchers all over the world publish their scholarly applied and fundamental research works including all new theoretical and experimental findings. Scope The coverage of the Journal publishes research articles and encourages the submission of critical review articles covering advances in recent research of such fields as well as technical notes. AJOEI will continue to provide information on the latest emerging trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. Submission: Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically through the ONLINE SUBMISSION CENTRE Or As Email attachment to journals@ajoeijournals.org
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANISATION PERFORMANCE OF KENYA DAIRY BOARD
Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between strategic management practices and organisational performance at the Kenya Dairy Board. Problem Statement: The study was motivated by the fact that only 12% of Kenyan dairy products meet international quality standards, reflecting weak innovation capacity and low competitiveness in global markets. Further, post-harvest losses account for 30% of annual milk output due to underinvestment in cold chain logistics and inefficient resource allocation. These challenges threaten the sector’s competitiveness and financial sustainability. Methodology: A descriptive design was adopted, targeting 149 employees, with a stratified sample of 109 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed through descriptive, correlation, and regression techniques. Reliability and validity were confirmed through pilot testing and diagnostic checks, while ethical approvals were obtained from St Paul’s University and NACOSTI. Result: The Board’s performance remained stable even without the studied practices. Strategic innovation practices had a negative but statistically significant effect on performance (B = –0.252, p = 0.017), indicating possible misalignment with sector priorities. Resource allocation (B = 0.119, p = 0.376) and operating environment practices (B = 0.195, p = 0.153) showed positive but insignificant effects. This suggests that current strategies have limited impact on organisational performance. Recommendation: The researcher recommends investing in new technologies, promoting a culture of creativity, adopting data-driven resource allocation, and strengthening responses to external market and regulatory dynamics. Keywords: Strategic Innovation Practices, Resource Allocation Practices. Operating Environment Practices. Organisational Performance, Kenya Dairy Board.
Copyright (c) 2026 African Journal of Emerging Issues
CAREER EDUCATION AND STUDENTS’ EMPLOYABILITY IN WEST AFRICAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: THE EDUCATION COLLABORATIVE PERSPECTIVE
This study examines the state of career education and employability tracking in higher education institutions (HEIs) in West Africa, highlighting key challenges and opportunities. Using Holland’s Career Choice and Human Capital Theories, the study explores how universities align academic programs with labor market demands and the effectiveness of career services in preparing students for employment. Findings on career education and employability tracking from 37 Higher Education Institutions in West Africa reveal that private universities have stronger career services and employer linkages, while public universities face challenges such as limited funding, bureaucratic constraints, and weak employability tracking systems. The study also highlights the low adoption of structured career curricula and graduate tracking mechanisms, making it difficult for HEIs to assess and enhance student employability. To address these gaps, the study recommends strengthening university-industry collaborations, integrating career education into curricula, increasing funding for career services, leveraging digital tracking systems, and engaging alumni in mentorship programs. Policy reforms are also necessary to institutionalize career education and employability tracking in all HEIs. By implementing these strategies, universities can better prepare students for successful career transitions, economic participation, and workforce adaptability in an evolving job market. Keywords: Career development, Employability, West Africa, Higher Education Institution, Education Collaborative
AN EVALUATION OF ST. MARTIN CATHOLIC SOCIAL APOSTOLATE’S ADDICTION TREATMENT APPROACH, AND INTENSIVE OUTPATIENT REHABILITATION PROGRAMME
Purpose of Study: The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of St. Martin CSA’s addiction treatment approach and IOP in improving clients’ quality of life and facilitating recovery. Problem Statement: Laikipia County shares a significant portion of 35 million people in substance addiction globally. St. Martin (CSA) seeks to address this gap through the community-based intervention. The effectiveness of the approach remained largely unknown. Methodology: Employing a mixed-method research design, the evaluation involved 133 program beneficiaries and key stakeholders. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were gathered from focus group discussions and interviews. Percentages and means, descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA inferential statistics were used to compare clients’ functioning pre- and post-treatment. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically to identify emerging trends. Result: Key findings indicated improvement in overall quality of life post-rehabilitation. Relapse was at 55% within the first six months. However, 86% sustained sobriety at the time of data collection. Recommendation: There was a need for sufficient monitoring of all program activities through proper documentation of individual clients’ progress and enhancement of aftercare services. Keywords: Intensive Outpatient Rehabilitation, St Martin CSA, Addiction Treatment Approach, Community-Based Rehabilitation
FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCAL PHILANTHROPY IN ST MARTIN CSA AND L’ARCHE KENYA
Purpose of Study: To examine factors influencing local philanthropy in St. Martin CSA and L’Arche Kenya. Problem Statement: St Martin CSA and L’Arche Kenya have successfully engaged local communities in delivering development and social support services. This is supported by the African communal values and the spirit of collective action. The two organizations are currently experiencing donor and volunteer fatigue, threatening the sustainability of local philanthropy, necessitating a study on the decline of the giving tendency. Methodology: The study adopted the exploratory qualitative research design since localized studies on the research subject were limited. Data was collected through focus group discussions involving market traders, business owners, volunteers, religious group members, community mobilization staff, and self-help groups that support the two organizations either individually or collectively. Purposive selection of respondents ensured homogeneity, relevance, and in-depth sharing of lived experiences. Data collected was summarized and organized in thematic areas and presented in text form to answer the research question. Result: Religious beliefs, cultural values, donors’ individualized exposure to the two organizations, intangible rewards, trust, and effective communication shaped philanthropists’ behavior. In addition, the decision to give, including the amount, timing, and frequency were spontaneous and socially influenced. Recommendation: The two organizations should strategically pursue donor confidence and retention by sharing success stories and showcasing the impact of completed and ongoing projects. They should also focus on maintaining the goodwill and the confidence of the local community by ensuring transparency and donor appreciation, as well as exploring innovative strategies of attracting and engaging the younger generation, for continuity. Keywords: Local Philanthropy, St Martin CSA, L’Arche Kenya, Repeated Giving
TRAIL INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN KENYA'S ADVENTURE TOURISM SECTOR
Adventure tourism represents a rapidly expanding segment within the global tourism industry, offering significant opportunities for destinations with diverse natural landscapes. Kenya possesses substantial natural assets suitable for adventure tourism development, yet the sector remains underdeveloped due to inadequate trail infrastructure investment. This conceptual review examined the role of trail infrastructure investment in determining competitive advantage in Kenya's adventure tourism sector through systematic literature review. Theoretical foundations draw on Resource Based View Theory and Destination Competitiveness Theory. Literature was synthesized from peer reviewed journals, industry reports, and policy documents published between 2020 and 2025. The synthesis revealed that integrated infrastructure investment significantly influences competitive advantage by creating coherent tourism products and superior visitor experiences through trail network connectivity, signage systems, and integrated support facilities. Quality enhancement investments prove equally critical, with systematic surface maintenance ensuring consistent experience delivery, safety features expanding market accessibility, and accessibility standards enabling market diversification. The review establishes that strategic trail infrastructure investment constitutes a fundamental source of sustainable competitive advantage by converting natural endowments into distinctive tourism products. The review recommends that government agencies develop holistic investment frameworks, destination managers implement systematic quality enhancement programs, and policymakers establish investment incentives and public private partnership mechanisms facilitating sustained infrastructure development in Kenya's adventure tourism sector. Keywords: Trail infrastructure investment, competitive advantage, adventure tourism
EFFECT OF DIETARY PATTERN ON MENU CHOICE AMONG CUSTOMERS. EVIDENCE FROM STAR-RATED HOTELS IN NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA
The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of dietary patterns on menu choice among customers in star-rated hotels in Nakuru County, Kenya, guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. An explanatory research design was adopted, targeting a population of 785 customers, from which a sample size of 265 respondents was determined using the Yamane formula. Star-rated hotels were purposively selected and clustered, with Neyman’s allocation used to proportionately distribute the sample. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire measured on a five-point Likert scale, and instrument reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients above 0.7. Regression results revealed that dietary patterns significantly influenced customer menu choice, with dietary patterns explaining 36.1% of the variation in menu choice and demonstrating a strong positive effect (β = 0.602, p < 0.05), while the overall model was statistically significant. The findings further showed that customers commonly consumed three meals a day, snacked between meals, preferred dietary variety, and were influenced by social dining environments, which shaped both food selection and quantity consumed. The study concluded that dietary patterns reflected in menu choice are largely motivated by lifestyle factors, including biological nutritional needs and social values attached to food consumption. Consequently, the study recommends that star-rated hotels should provide diverse and nutritionally balanced menu options that align with customers’ healthy eating concerns in order to promote positive dietary behaviors and informed menu choices. Keywords: Dietary Patterns, Menu Choice, Star-Rated Hotels
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND CREDIT RISK OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
Purpose of Study: This research aimed to ascertain the effect of financial inclusion on credit risk in Kenyan commercial banks, specifically focusing on banking services availability, accessibility and usage. Problem Statement: Commercial institutions are facing growing challenges with escalating credit risk, largely attributed to efforts to expand their loan portfolios. The drive for greater financial inclusion, combined with increasing competition, has led banks to innovate and strive for an all-inclusive economy. However, despite these efforts, credit risk measured by the rise in bad debts has continued to grow alongside financial inclusion. Methodology: An explanatory research design was employed, the study's target population consisted of all 38 commercial institutions operating in Kenya as of 2022, and it relied on secondary data collected from the banks' financials and Central Bank of Kenya's supervision reports from 2018 to 2022. Descriptive statistics included measures such as frequency distributions, means, percentages and standard deviations. Inferential analysis was assessed through regression techniques. Result: The study revealed that bank availability, bank accessibility and bank usage had positive and significant effect on credit risk of commercial banks in Kenyan. Conclusion: Greater availability, accessibility and usage enables a wider population to utilize banking services, increasing the number of depositors and enhancing bank liquidity. Recommendation: The banks should implement robust risk assessment frameworks that utilize advanced analytics and data modeling to help banks better understand and predict credit risks. Keywords: Bank Availability, Bank Usage, Banking Competition, Bank Accessibility, Credit risk and Financial Inclusion
IMPACT OF FALL ARMYWORM MITIGATION STRATEGIES ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY IN IMBO PLAIN, BURUNDI
Purpose of the Study: The study examined factors influencing the adoption, intensity of use, and yield effects of fall armyworm (FAW) mitigation strategies among maize farmers in Burundi. Statement of the Problem: Fall armyworm poses a serious threat to maize production and food security in Burundi, yet limited evidence exists on what drives farmers’ adoption of control measures and their impact on yields. Methodology: Data from 536 maize farmers in five provinces of the Imbo plain were analyzed using the Double Hurdle model to assess adoption and intensity of use, and Propensity Score Matching to estimate yield impacts. Findings: About 68% of farmers adopted FAW mitigation methods, predominantly chemical control. Adoption and intensity were positively influenced by socio-economic factors, information access, credit, and extension services. Adopters achieved significantly higher maize yields than non-adopters. Conclusion: FAW mitigation strategies improve maize yields, but adoption is heavily skewed toward chemical methods, indicating limited uptake of integrated pest management practices. Recommendations: The study recommends strengthening extension services, promoting Integrated Pest Management training, improving access to credit, and enhancing rural infrastructure to support sustainable FAW control. Keywords: Farmers’ Adoption, Fall armyworm, Mitigation technologies, Maize yield, Burundi.
ROLE OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AMONG CULTURALLY DIVERSE WORK TEAMS IN UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study sought to assess the role of cognitive complexity in conflict management among culturally diverse work teams in universities in Kenya. Methods: This study used a descriptive design. The target population for this study was permanent employees of three universities: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kirinyaga University, and Daystar University. For each university, the population was stratified into two strata: managers and general staff. The list of university employees was the sampling frame. A total of 169 employees responded to the questionnaire, and 16 managers were interviewed. Primary data was gathered using in-depth interviews and a structured questionnaire. Data analysis included quantitative and qualitative techniques. Findings: The regression results indicated a beta coefficient of 0.177 and a p-value of 0.02 < 0.05. This suggests that cognitive complexity significantly positively influences conflict management among culturally diverse university work teams. Conclusion: Cognitive complexity is a meaningful factor in how culturally diverse university work teams manage conflict. Recommendations: University management should adopt a compromise-based approach to conflict management, with each party negotiating in a give-and-take spirit. Keywords: cognitive complexity, conflict management, work teams, interpersonal discrimination
THE HIDDEN BURDEN: ASSESSING THE EMPIRICAL GAPS IN RESEARCH LINKING WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE (WASH) TO CHILDHOOD ACUTE INFECTIONS IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) emphasizes ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. However, child mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains unacceptably high, largely due to inadequate access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. This persistent health challenge threatens LMICs’ progress toward SDG 3 by 2030. This systematic review assessed the current scope of empirical research examining child health outcomes associated with WASH access across LMICs, identifying global gaps in evidence related to diarrhea, child development and stunting, and acute infections (excluding diarrhea). Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in June 2025 across Taylor & Francis, EBSCOhost, and PubMed, yielding 230 records. After removing duplicates, 111 studies were screened, and 48 met inclusion criteria for thematic and content analysis. Only empirical studies reporting measurable child health outcomes were included. Findings revealed a disproportionate research emphasis: diarrhea accounted for 62.5% of all outcomes, reflecting its major global health burden. Child development and stunting represented 29.17%, while acute infections, such as respiratory infections, helminths, and trachoma, were severely underrepresented (8.33%). Geographically, evidence was highly concentrated in Ethiopia (29.0%) and India (25.8%), limiting generalizability. The most common independent variables were specific WASH components (e.g., sanitation, handwashing). Critical theoretical and methodological gaps were identified: 92.6% of studies lacked explicit theoretical frameworks, and most relied on cross-sectional designs, limiting causal inference. Moreover, 96.6% failed to test mediating variables, leaving mechanisms linking WASH and acute infections poorly understood. Keywords: WASH, Child Health, Diarrhea, Stunting, Systematic Review, Acute Infections, Public Health.
VOCATION ACCOMPANIMENT AS A HEALING JOURNEY: THE ROLE OF VOCATION PROMOTERS IN ACCOMPANYING WOUNDED CANDIDATES
This study examines vocation accompaniment as a healing journey for emotionally and spiritually wounded candidates discerning religious life and priesthood, with the purpose of clarifying how accompaniment can foster authentic discernment and mature formation. Many contemporary candidates enter formation bearing trauma, family breakdown, and socio-cultural pressures that hinder emotional regulation, relational maturity, trust, autonomy, and spiritual integration, often leading to distorted motivations and fragile vocational decisions. Grounded in attachment theory, Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, and contemporary vocational formation theory, the article adopts a qualitative, conceptual, and interdisciplinary approach that integrates theological reflection, psychological scholarship, and pastoral practice. The study draws on documented pastoral experience, empirical psychological literature, and Church formation texts to analyze patterns of woundedness, including conscious and subconscious dynamics, and their effects on vocational discernment. Findings indicate that unresolved attachment wounds and psychosocial disruptions significantly shape candidates’ relational behavior, God-image, freedom, and capacity for community life, while secure and intentional accompaniment can function as a corrective relational experience that promotes healing, integration, and vocational clarity. The study concludes that vocation accompaniment is not merely evaluative but inherently pastoral and therapeutic, requiring emotionally secure relationships, cultural awareness, psychological sensitivity, and spiritual depth. It recommends that vocation ministry prioritize human formation, integrate psychological support with spiritual direction, apply clear threshold criteria for admission, and employ triangulation in discernment to ensure fair, whole-person decisions. These measures strengthen vocational authenticity, protect candidates and communities, and enhance sustainable formation within African and global Church contexts. Keywords: Vocation, Accompaniment, Healing Journey, Vocation Promoters, Wounded Candidates
REVISITING RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION AND PROJECT PERFORMANCE: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL SYNTHESIS ON THE MODERATING ROLES OF GOVERNMENT POLICY AND DONOR PRIORITIES
This literature review offers a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical and empirical scholarship on the relationship between resource optimization practices and project performance, with particular attention to the moderating roles of government policy and donor priorities. While resource planning, allocation, and utilization are widely acknowledged as critical determinants of project success, existing studies report mixed and often contradictory findings. These inconsistencies stem largely from varying institutional environments, regulatory constraints, and divergent donor agendas that shape how resources are deployed in development projects. Anchored in Contingency Theory, Stakeholder Theory, the Resource-Based View, and Dynamic Capability Theory, this paper critically examines how government policy frameworks and donor priorities either strengthen or weaken the effectiveness of resource optimization efforts. By integrating evidence from African and global development contexts, the review highlights significant methodological and conceptual gaps, including limited application of moderation analysis, inadequate theorization of external institutional pressures, and insufficient attention to rural community-based project settings. The paper further develops a refined conceptual model that positions government policy and donor priorities as essential institutional moderators influencing the translation of resource optimization into improved project performance. Overall, the review advances a clearer understanding of how external governance structures interact with internal resource practices, offering substantive implications for policymakers, development practitioners, and funding agencies seeking to enhance the performance and sustainability of community-based development initiatives. Keywords: Resource Optimization, Project Performance, Government Policy, Donor Priorities
EMPLOYEE SUPPORT MECHANISMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE IN HOSPITALS
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of employee support mechanisms in enhancing organizational resilience within hospital settings. Statement of the Problem: Hospitals face severe staff, emotional, and financial pressures that threaten employee well-being and stability. Evidence on how combined support mechanisms build resilience in low-resource settings remains limited and fragmented. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop review methodology. Relevant literature was systematically reviewed from academic journals, institutional reports, and documented case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health and wellness services, mental health support, and financial well-being initiatives in enhancing employee and organizational resilience in hospital settings. Findings: The findings indicate that health and wellness services, mental health support, and financial well-being initiatives play a significant role in strengthening employee resilience and supporting institutional stability. Nonetheless, the reviewed literature remains disjointed, with most studies focusing on isolated mechanisms rather than integrated approaches. There is also a notable absence of longitudinal and intervention-based studies, especially within resource-constrained hospital environments. Conclusion: The study concludes that employee support mechanisms are essential components of organizational resilience in hospitals. Recommendations: The study recommends institutionalizing integrated employee support programs and advancing longitudinal, intervention-based research to strengthen long-term resilience in resource-constrained healthcare settings. Keywords: Employee support mechanisms, organizational resilience, health and wellness services, mental health support, financial well-being initiatives
EFFECT OF THERAPIST SELF-DISCLOSURE ON DEPRESSION MANAGEMENT AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KENYA
Purpose of Study: This study examined the effect of therapist self-disclosure on depression management among university students, with attention to the relational dynamics created through reciprocal sharing. Problem Statement: Depression is a growing mental health concern among university students in Kenya, with disclosure practices emerging as crucial strategies for effective management. Methodology: Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 321 students through structured questionnaires and interview guide, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression techniques. Result: Most respondents had not experienced therapist self-disclosure, indicating that therapists largely maintained professional boundaries, with limited disclosures mainly involving professional experiences (16.1%) and fewer personal or emotional disclosures (4.1%). Nonetheless, therapist self-disclosure showed a modest but statistically significant positive influence on depression management (r = 0.327, p < 0.01; β = 0.135, p = 0.048). Recommendations: The study recommends counselor training and peer counseling to strengthen depression management and student mental health. Keywords: therapist disclosure, self-disclosure, reciprocal sharing, depression management, university students, Kenya
PRODUCT INNOVATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG DAIRY COOPERATIVES
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between product innovation and organizational performance in dairy cooperatives. Statement of the Problem: Despite growing recognition of product innovation as a driver of competitiveness in the dairy sector, empirical and cooperative-focused evidence remains limited. Existing studies often lack causal analysis and provide insufficient understanding of how innovation practices translate into measurable performance outcomes within dairy cooperatives. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop review methodology, synthesizing global, regional, and sector-specific literature from peer-reviewed articles, institutional reports, market analyses, and technological assessments related to dairy innovation and performance. Findings: The findings indicate that product innovation significantly enhances organizational performance by supporting product diversification, advanced processing, and market alignment. New product development strengthens differentiation in functional dairy categories, value-added processing improves efficiency and market penetration, and market responsiveness enables adaptation to evolving consumer trends. Conclusion: The study concludes that product innovation is a critical determinant of competitiveness and long-term viability in dairy cooperatives. Recommendations: The study recommends that dairy cooperatives strengthen innovation capacity through technological investment, institutional coordination, and structured market intelligence systems. Keywords: Product innovation, New product development, Value-added processing, Market responsiveness, Dairy cooperatives
INTEGRITY-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN TANZANIA
Purpose: This study investigates how integrity-driven leadership influences social innovation in Tanzanian public universities, addressing a clear lack of empirical evidence on this relationship. Methodology: A concurrent mixed-methods research design was employed. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to academic staff and students, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews with key university stakeholders. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, regression analysis, and thematic analysis. Findings: The findings reveal a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between integrity-driven leadership and social innovation (r = 0.759, p < 0.001). Regression results indicate that integrity-driven leadership explains 57.6% of the variance in social innovation in public universities in Tanzania (R² = 0.576). Qualitative findings further demonstrate that transparency, accountability, and ethical consistency enhance trust, stakeholder collaboration, and community-oriented innovation. Conclusion: Integrity-driven leadership is a critical enabler of social innovation in Tanzanian public universities. By fostering trust, ethical governance, and stakeholder engagement, such leadership aligns institutional innovation efforts with national development priorities Recommendations: Public universities should institutionalize integrity-based leadership training, strengthen accountability and transparency mechanisms. Keywords: Integrity-Driven Leadership; Social Innovation; Value-Based Leadership
LOAN STACKING AND DEBT STRESS: HOW HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS SHAPE REPAYMENT BEHAVIOR IN UGANDA
This study examined the relationship between loan stacking and household debt repayment outcomes and financial stress in Uganda, with particular emphasis on structural and behavioral vulnerability in low-income settings. Using nationally representative household panel data covering 3,173 households, the analysis employs probit regression models to estimate the marginal effects of holding multiple concurrent loans on two binary outcomes: loan default and repayment-related worry. The empirical specifications control for key socioeconomic characteristics, including employment type, housing quality, demographic factors, and exposure to adverse economic shocks. Robustness is assessed through alternative model specifications and subsample analyses. The results indicate that each additional loan significantly increases the probability of default and intensifies repayment-related stress, suggesting that loan stacking amplifies household financial vulnerability. These effects are observed across income groups and are particularly pronounced among households reliant on farm wage labor, those residing in poor-quality housing, and those exposed to recent negative shocks. The findings underscore the importance of income volatility, limited asset buffers, and exposure to risk in shaping repayment capacity. The consistency of the estimates across specifications strengthens confidence in the empirical patterns. Although the observational nature of the data limits causal interpretation and does not fully capture unobserved behavioral traits such as risk preferences or time inconsistency, the panel structure improves empirical inference relative to cross-sectional analyses. The study yields important policy implications, highlighting the need for credit expansion strategies that account for household vulnerability rather than focusing solely on access. In particular, the results point to the role of credit information systems in limiting excessive multiple borrowing and the importance of flexible repayment structures that accommodate income volatility. Keywords: Loan Stacking, Debt Default, Debt stress
EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION OF HEALTH INFORMATION SOURCES AND CHANNELS BY ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
This study sought to examine how elderly individuals living in Nairobi’s informal settlements access, evaluate, and utilize health information, in contexts where poverty, infrastructural deficits, and low digital literacy exacerbate health vulnerabilities. Grounded in Giddens’ Aging Theory and Maslow’s Basic Needs Theory, the research highlights how structural barriers, socio-economic hardship, and limited technological access constrain older adults’ ability to obtain, interpret, and apply health information. Evidence indicates that elders predominantly rely on interpersonal networks, traditional media, and community health volunteers, while formal and digital channels remain underutilized due to affordability, accessibility, and trust deficits. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to synthesize evidence on elderly health information access in informal settlements. Structured searches across Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were complemented by grey literature from WHO, HelpAge International, and Kenya’s Ministry of Health. Studies included addressed older adults’ health information needs, exhibited methodological rigor, and applied to informal settlement contexts. Both qualitative and quantitative research published between 2018 and 2025 were reviewed, alongside foundational theoretical works. Methodological quality was appraised using established SLR frameworks to ensure robustness, transparency, and replicability. The findings revealed persistent barriers such as low digital literacy, dependence on informal social networks, and limited engagement with formal health communication channels. Multi-channel strategies, including radio, community health volunteers, intergenerational digital mentorship, and vernacular-language materials, enhanced comprehension, trust, and utilization of health information. Empirical gaps remain regarding the comparative effectiveness of formal versus informal sources, the role of trust, and the impact of digital inclusion interventions. By framing health information access as fundamental to survival, autonomy, and dignity, this study recommends evidence-based insights for age-sensitive interventions. Policymakers and health planners should implement culturally tailored, multi-channel communication strategies that integrate formal and informal sources, leverage community health volunteers, expand intergenerational digital mentorship programs, and provide accessible formats including vernacular languages, audio-visual materials, and large print to overcome literacy and sensory barriers. Embedding these strategies within slum health policies can enhance trust, uptake, and ultimately, healthy ageing among marginalized older adults in resource-limited urban environments. Key Words: Elderly Individuals, Informal Settlements, Health Information
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL LITERACY AND TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS ON ELDERLY HEALTH INFORMATION PRACTICES
The digital transformation of health systems has reshaped how health information is accessed and utilized, yet older adults remain unevenly positioned to benefit from these advancements. This study examined the influence of digital literacy and technological tools on elderly health information practices, with particular focus on informal settlement contexts in Kenya. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model, Digital Divide Theory, and the Health Belief Model. The study employed a desk-based review complemented by contextual case analysis to synthesize empirical evidence published between 2015 and 2025. Findings reveal that digital literacy is a critical determinant of elderly engagement with digital health platforms, influencing information-seeking behavior, confidence, and chronic disease self-management. While technologies such as mobile phones, SMS-based services, telemedicine platforms, and health applications enhance access to health information, their effectiveness is mediated by usability, affordability, infrastructural reliability, and social support. Older adults commonly adopt hybrid strategies that combine digital and traditional information sources, relying heavily on family members and community health volunteers as intermediaries. Persistent barriers, including low baseline eHealth literacy, cost constraints, accessibility challenges, and trust concerns, continue to limit equitable digital health participation. The study recommends integrated interventions including age-responsive digital literacy training, age-friendly low-bandwidth technology design, subsidized device and connectivity access, and formal social support structures. Keywords: Digital Literacy, Health Information, Digital Health Literacy, Health Information Access, Informal Settlements
CRISIS RESPONSE STRATEGIES AND ORGANISATIONAL RESILIENCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM ORGANISATIONS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the study: This study examined the crisis response strategies employed by hospitality and tourism organisations in Nairobi City County and their impact on organisational resilience. Methodology: The study employed an explanatory research design, where data were collected from 284 licensed hospitality and tourism organisations through structured questionnaires, and analysed using SPSS version 30. Results: Multiple linear regression Results (R-value of 0.742) show a strong relationship between the predictors (Resource Management and Emergency Response Planning) and the dependent variable (Organisational Resilience). Additionally, the effect of crisis response strategies on the four dimensions of organisational resilience (adaptive capacity, innovation practices, business continuity planning, and organisational learning) was investigated simultaneously using a generalised linear model (GLM) with Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). All four multivariate test statistics showed a significant intercept (F [4, 275] = 51.541, p < .001). Moreover, results of separate analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests indicated that crisis response strategies influenced all four aspects of organisational resilience. Recommendation: These findings underscore the need for strategic interventions and robust crisis response strategies to enhance resilience in Kenya’s tourism sector. The study offers practical insights for policymakers, managers, and development practitioners seeking to build a resilient and sustainable tourism industry. Keywords: Crisis Response, Organisational Resilience, Tourism, Hospitality, Nairobi City County.
Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Emerging Issues
ZONING REGULATIONS AND STRATEGIC INVESTOR ATTRACTION IN THE REAL ESTATE SECTOR: PERSPECTIVES FROM NAIROBI CITY COUNTY
Purpose of Study: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between zoning regulations and strategic investor attraction in Nairobi’s real estate sector, focusing on land use restrictions, building height limits, and density allowances. Problem Statement: The real estate sector has been an essential driver of economic growth in many cities, yet the role of zoning regulations in influencing strategic investor attraction remains underexplored in some urban contexts. Zoning regulations, which define land use, building height limits, and density allowances, play a pivotal role in shaping urban development and investor confidence. Methodology: The study employed a desktop review methodology, which involved synthesizing existing literature on the subject to identify key trends, challenges, and knowledge gaps. The findings reveal that well-structured and consistently enforced zoning regulations provide the necessary clarity and predictability that investors seek, while inconsistent or overly restrictive regulations hinder investment by creating uncertainty. Result: The study also showed the importance of regulatory coordination, flexibility in zoning policies, and alignment with broader urban planning frameworks to attract investors. Recommendation: Nairobi’s local government authorities should streamline zoning regulations, integrate them with infrastructure planning, and foster greater coordination between regulatory bodies to enhance investor confidence. Keywords: Zoning Regulations, Strategic Investor Attraction, Real Estate Sector, Urban Development, Nairobi City County
EVALUATING GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON YOUTH-DRIVEN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA
Agriculture remains the cornerstone of Kenya's economy, contributing approximately 33% of Gross Domestic Product and employing over 40% of the population. However, youth participation in the sector continues to decline despite high unemployment rates among young people exceeding 38%. The Kenyan government has developed numerous policy frameworks including the Agricultural Sector Transformation and Growth Strategy 2019-2029, Kenya Youth Agribusiness Strategy 2018-2022, and Kenya Youth Development Policy 2019 aimed at integrating youth into agricultural value chains. This paper evaluated the effectiveness of these government policies in promoting youth-driven agriculture and rural development in Kenya. The paper adopted a desktop research methodology, reviewing and synthesizing secondary data from government policy documents, peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional reports, and statistical publications. The analysis was anchored on Human Capital Theory which posits that investments in education, skills development, and enabling environments enhance individual productivity and economic contribution. Findings revealed significant gaps between policy articulation and implementation outcomes. Structural barriers including limited land access due to customary tenure systems, financial exclusion arising from stringent collateral requirements, inadequate skills development programs, and weak rural digital infrastructure continue to constrain youth engagement in agriculture. Coordination failures among government ministries and development partners resulted in fragmented interventions with limited sustainability. Monitoring and evaluation systems remained inadequate for evidence-based policy refinement. The paper concludes that existing policies have largely failed to translate into tangible opportunities for youth in agriculture, threatening Kenya's food security and rural economic vitality as the farming population ages without adequate generational replacement. Recommendations include establishing youth land banks, developing dedicated agricultural credit facilities, reforming agricultural education curricula, accelerating rural digital infrastructure investments, instituting interministerial coordination mechanisms, and strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems to track youth agricultural engagement outcomes. Keywords: Government Policies, Youth-Driven Agriculture & Rural Development
FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT AND PROFITABILITY OF THE TOP 100 SMES IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the effect of financial risk management on the profitability of the top 100 SMEs in Kenya between 2018 and 2023. Methodology: The study employed an explanatory research design. The population comprised Top 100 SMEs between 2018 and 2023, with a census of 40 consistently listed firms selected for analysis. Data were collected through questionnaires and audited financial statements. Analysis was conducted using SPSS. Findings: The study revealed that financial risk management significantly affected profitability (β = 0.600, R² = 0.16, p = 0.013), explaining 16% of profitability variance. The analysis showed that 94.6% of firms were exposed to various financial risks including market, credit, liquidity, and operational risks, with 92% conducting regular risk assessments. However, insurance coverage remained inconsistent across the study period, achieving adequate levels only in 2019, 2022, and 2023. Most SMEs (78%) conducted annual risk reviews, though more frequent monitoring was less common. The profitability trend analysis revealed fluctuating patterns, with years 2020, 2022, and 2023 recording healthy profit margins while 2018, 2019, and 2021 showed weaker performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that financial risk management significantly influences profitability among Kenya's top-performing SMEs. Recommendations: The study recommends that SME owners should adopt comprehensive risk management frameworks with continuous monitoring systems, strengthen insurance coverage, and invest in capacity building through targeted training programs. Policymakers should develop support programs providing subsidized access to risk management advisory services, while financial institutions should create products that reward strong risk management practices with favorable lending terms. Keywords: Financial risk management, profitability, top 100 SMES, Kenya
EFFECTS OF LECTURERS’ ICT SKILLS FOR ONLINE LEARNING TRANSFORMATION IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Purpose of Study: This study examined the effect of lecturers’ ICT skills on online learning transformation in public universities in Kenya. The objectives were to assess lecturers’ ICT skills and determine how these competencies influence online learning delivery. Problem Statement: Although institutions have invested in digital infrastructure, limited lecturer competence in developing and administering e-content still poses a challenge, thereby slowing full e-learning integration. Methodology: The study focused on seven purposively selected public universities and targeted lecturers, ICT staff, registrars and students. A total population of 537 respondents (153 staff and 384 students) participated, selected using stratified and simple random sampling procedures. Grounded on the Technology Acceptance Model and Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the study applied a descriptive quantitative research design. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and interviews, validated through expert review and pilot testing. Reliability was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from 0.762 to 0.778. Data were analyzed using SPSS through descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: Findings revealed that 68.6% of respondents were male, while 56.3% of ICT staff were aged 31–40 years. Students agreed that lecturers could deliver e-content (M=1.890) and use LMS platforms (M=2.000), while ICT staff were uncertain about lecturers’ capacity to develop online materials (M=2.743). Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concludes that online learning transformation depends heavily on ICT skills, and recommends continuous ICT training, enhanced digital support systems and structured e-learning policies. Keywords: Capacity building, E-learning, ICT skills, Online learning, Public universities, Technology adoption.
STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCE MOBILIZATION PRACTICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined how strategic resource mobilization practices such as funding diversification, grant acquisition, endowment mobilization, and asset commercialization affect the performance of public universities in Kenya. Problem Statement: Public universities in Kenya face persistent financial constraints due to declining government funding, rising enrolments, and inadequate resource mobilization structures. Weak implementation of diversification strategies, limited grant-writing capacity, and underdeveloped endowment systems hinder institutional performance. Research Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used, targeting 36 public universities and collecting data from 154 senior management staff. Structured Likert-scale questionnaires captured information on resource mobilization practices and university performance. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and chi-square tests with SPSS version 27. Results of the Study: The study found low implementation of resource mobilization practices and correspondingly low institutional performance. Strong positive correlations were observed between all strategic practices and performance, particularly funding diversification and grant capacity. Chi-square analysis showed endowment fund mobilization had a significant association with performance. Conclusion: Strategic resource mobilization practices are crucial for improving university performance but remain insufficiently adopted. Recommendations: Universities should enhance revenue diversification, build grant acquisition capabilities, and establish structured endowment models. Policymakers should create supportive national frameworks to strengthen financial sustainability across public universities. Keywords: Resource mobilization, university performance, funding diversification, endowment funds, grant acquisition, asset commercialization
DESIGNING AN OPTIMIZED MODEL FOR ENHANCING SMART CLASSROOM UTILIZATION IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GICUMBI DISTRICT, RWANDA
The study investigated the key predictors of smart classroom utilization in public secondary schools in Gicumbi District, Rwanda, and developed an evidence-based optimized model to enhance digital learning. The study employed a quantitative correlational design with 175 senior three students selected through purposive sampling from schools with functional smart classrooms. Data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression and binary logistic regression. Findings revealed that interactivity and collaboration were significantly influenced by Technological Infrastructure, Pedagogical Readiness, and Institutional Support, whereas Critical Thinking and Active Engagement were primarily driven by Learning Environment and Learner Commitment. Peer Support and Instructional Proficiency had moderate contributions, and Pedagogical Readiness negatively affected Active Engagement. The results indicate that effective smart classroom utilization depends on a combination of technological, pedagogical, institutional, and learner-related factors. The study concludes that smart classroom utilization in Gicumbi District is driven by interconnected technological, pedagogical, institutional, and learner-related factors, with technological infrastructure, pedagogical readiness, and institutional support strongly influencing interactivity and collaboration, while learning environment and learner commitment mainly shape critical thinking and active engagement. Recommendations include prioritizing teacher professional development, improving technological infrastructure, fostering learner engagement, and establishing supportive institutional policies to maximize the benefits of smart classroom investments, ultimately enhancing digital learning outcomes in rural Rwandan secondary schools. Keywords: Designing, optimized model, smart classroom utilization, public secondary schools, Gicumbi District, Rwanda
INFLUENCE OF STRATEGIC INNOVATION PRACTICES ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITALS IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the influence of strategic innovation practices on the operational performance of national referral hospitals in Kenya. Problem statement: National referral hospitals in Kenya experience persistent operational inefficiencies, including long patient waiting times, overcrowding, and inconsistent service quality, despite ongoing health sector reforms and technological advancements. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design using stratified random sampling of 384 healthcare professionals, with data collected through structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Findings: The findings revealed that technological, process, organizational, and service innovations had strong positive and significant effects on operational performance, with organizational innovation exerting the strongest influence. Conclusion: The study concluded that strategic innovation significantly improves hospital operational performance. Recommendations: The study recommends that national referral hospitals should intensify investment in digital health infrastructure, strengthen and update standard operating procedures, expand lean management and triage systems, institutionalize organizational innovations through decentralized decision-making and staff empowerment and establish reward systems that promote innovative practices. Keywords: Strategic innovation, operational performance, national referral hospitals, technological innovation, service innovation
INCENTIVES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN WESTERN WATER AND SANITATION FORUM, KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of Study: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of different forms of incentives on employee performance within non-governmental organizations with specific reference to WEWASAFO. Problem Statement: NGOs in Kenya, including WEWASAFO are faced with serious operational challenges due to lack of institutional continuity brought about by high employee turnover. The National Council of NGOs estimates the turnover rate in this sector at 26% per year. WEWASAFO has had a turnover rate of between 15-20% per year in the last 5 years, leading to knowledge gaps, workflow interruptions and this affects the ability of the organization to achieve their objectives. Methodology: This study adopted a descriptive design to provide a clear picture of the variables involved and census approach was adopted. Primary data was collected using close-ended questionnaires. The statistical analysis of the data was performed with the help of the SPSS software package. Result: Regression findings indicated that employee performance was strongly positively influenced by compensation and reward systems. Recognition practices should be institutionalized in order to enhance motivation. Recommendation: Future research should compare results in the public, private, and NGO sectors, investigate the moderating effect of leadership style and organizational culture, and use longitudinal designs to measure long-term impacts. Keywords: Incentives, Compensation, Rewards, Recognition, Employee Performance
KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE AMONG TRAVEL FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of knowledge sharing on organizational resilience among travel firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Knowledge sharing has emerged as a critical organizational capability for strengthening resilience in today’s unpredictable business environment. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-methods research design targeting 286 respondents drawn from 224 travel firms and 62 representatives of tourism institutions including KATO, KATA, TOSK, Ecotourism Kenya, the Tourism Regulatory Authority, the Tourism Promotion Fund, the Kenya Tourism Board, the Tourism Research Institute, the Kenya Tourism Federation, the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre (EA), the Tourism Professional Association, and the State Department of Tourism. Findings: The study found that knowledge sharing had a significant positive effect on organizational resilience among travel firms. Qualitative findings revealed that while some travel firms had initiated mechanisms for sharing knowledge, many relied heavily on informal approaches such as WhatsApp groups, team briefings, and ad hoc meetings, with limited use of structured systems or formalized communication frameworks. Conclusion: The study concludes that knowledge sharing is a vital driver of organizational resilience, enabling travel firms to respond more effectively to uncertainty, streamline decision-making, and strengthen continuity planning. Firms with structured, well-coordinated knowledge-sharing systems demonstrated greater operational adaptability and stronger recovery capacity during disruptions. Recommendations: The study recommends that travel firms adopt formalized communication systems, invest in collaborative digital platforms, and strengthen institutional structures that support transparent information flows. Keywords: knowledge sharing, organizational resilience, travel firms in nairobi city county, Kenya
STRATEGIC REVENUE COLLECTION AUTOMATION AND REVENUE GROWTH IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY
Purpose of the Study: This study examined how revenue collection automation influences revenue performance within Nairobi City County Government. Problem Statement: Despite major investments in digital systems, Nairobi City County still faces revenue gaps due to fragmented platforms, low ICT capacity, limited taxpayer trust, and weak infrastructure that hinder effective automation. Research Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting 1,639 revenue staff from various sub-counties. Stratified random sampling was used to select a representative sample. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression modelling. The findings were presented using tables and figures for clarity and interpretation. Findings: The study found a positive and statistically significant relationship between the major automation component system integration, ICT competency, taxpayer awareness, and infrastructure adequacy and revenue growth in Nairobi County. Automation was shown to enhance compliance, reduce leakages, and support more efficient revenue administration when supported by adequate human and technological capacity. Conclusion: The study concludes that revenue automation can significantly strengthen revenue performance when supported by proper system integration, continuous staff training, strong infrastructure, and high levels of user acceptance. Recommendations: The study recommends comprehensive policy reforms focusing on end-to-end system interoperability, staff capacity development, taxpayer digital literacy programs, and sustained investment in ICT infrastructure. Enhancing user acceptance and adoption is also essential to maximize the benefits of revenue automation. Keywords: Automation, revenue performance, system integration, ICT competency, taxpayer compliance, infrastructure adequacy