African Journal of Emerging Issues - is scholarly, open access, peer reviewed, double blind, interdisciplinary, and fully refereed journal focusing on theories, methods and applications in medicine, Engineering, Technology and Applied sciences. The Editorial Board is very committed to build the Journal as one of the leading African Journals of Emerging issues in the next few years to come. The Journal's reputation will be enhanced from arrangements with several organizers of international conferences in publishing selected best papers of the conference proceedings. Aim African Journal of Emerging Issues(AJOEI) is aimed to provide a highly readable and valuable addition to the literature, which will serve as an indispensable reference tool for years to come and provide a medium through which scholars and researchers all over the world publish their scholarly applied and fundamental research works including all new theoretical and experimental findings. Scope The coverage of the Journal publishes research articles and encourages the submission of critical review articles covering advances in recent research of such fields as well as technical notes. AJOEI will continue to provide information on the latest emerging trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. Submission: Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically through the ONLINE SUBMISSION CENTRE Or As Email attachment to journals@ajoeijournals.org
ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESOURCES RELATIONSHIP TO THE GROWTH OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES OWNED BY PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED ENTREPRENEURS IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: Despite Kenya’s significant investment in entrepreneurship development, Micro and Small Enterprises owned by physically challenged entrepreneurs continue to record low growth rates. The study thus explored relationship between entrepreneurship resources and the growth of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) owned by entrepreneurs with physical challenges. Problem Statement: Despite Kenya’s significant investment in entrepreneurship development, Micro and Small Enterprises owned by physically challenged entrepreneurs continue to record low growth rates. This is problematic because entrepreneurship resources have been identified as essential drivers of growth and sustainability in modern economies. Methodology: The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, drawing conclusions from both qualitative and quantitative data gathered in this research. Findings: The growth of MSEs owned by Physically Challenged Entrepreneurs positively impacted entrepreneurship resources (β=.756; p-value<.05). However, while there are some positive perceptions regarding the accessibility of financial resources for these entrepreneurs, significant barriers still exist. These include a heavy reliance on personal savings, limited access to credit, and gaps in knowledge about funding opportunities. Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that entrepreneurship resources are a critical driver for MSEs owned by physically challenged individuals, but their potential is stifled by systemic funding and knowledge gaps. To promote inclusivity, equity, and sustained growth, the study recommends establishing accessible incubation centres, mentorship networks, and peer support groups. Key Words; Entrepreneurship resources, Growth, Micro and Small Enterprises, Physically Challenged entrepreneurs
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CHALLENGES IN THE US-AFRICA CRITICAL MINERAL COOPERATION
The study examines the barriers in US-Africa Critical mineral cooperation, including the competition to control the critical mineral supply chain. It focuses on the factors that influence cooperation and the mining process in Africa, identifying the barriers and the best approach for the United States to tilt the competition in its favor and foster cooperation. A qualitative research design was employed, using purposive and random sampling techniques to select 14 participants representing U.S. government agencies, U.S. companies in the mineral sector, and local and international non-governmental organizations. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic and content analysis. The findings revealed significant challenges, including transparency issues, poor coordination, environmental gaps, and infrastructure gaps, in the region. The case studies of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), governance and SA, and Angola's rare earth resources revealed comparative differences in governance approaches and structures among the three countries. Angola and South Africa (SA) demonstrate stronger governance structures and are ready to partner with the United States in critical mineral areas, while the DRC continues to face governance constraints. The results suggest that the United States can pursue cooperation with African nations by adopting differentiated strategies tailored to national contexts, thereby enhancing trust, improving governance collaboration, and strengthening its position in the global critical minerals competition. Keywords: Critical minerals; Cooperation; Governance; Transparency; Infrastructure; Mining.
EFFECT OF STAKEHOLDER COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT ON PERFORMANCE OF ARV SUPPLY CHAIN PROJECT BY NASCOP IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: To examine the effect of stakeholder communication management on the performance of the antiretroviral (ARV) supply chain project by the National AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Programme (NASCOP) in Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Despite substantial investments in antiretroviral supply chain projects, challenges in project performance, including inefficiencies in service delivery and supply chain operations, persist. Methods: The study was guided by both descriptive and explanatory research designs. The population comprised 541 pharmacists and pharmaceutical technologists across Kenya. A sample of 229 respondents was selected using stratified proportional sampling. Primary data were collected through a structured electronic questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The study established that stakeholder communication management had a positive and statistically significant effect on the performance of the antiretroviral supply chain project. Improved communication among project stakeholders was associated with enhanced project outcomes and overall supply chain performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that effective stakeholder communication management is a critical determinant of the performance of antiretroviral supply chain projects. Recommendation: The management of the National AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections Control Programme (NASCOP) should strengthen stakeholder communication management practices in the pharmacies and antiretroviral therapy sites it supports across Kenya. This can be achieved through regular communication, timely information sharing, stakeholder engagement forums, and feedback mechanisms. Keywords: Stakeholder communication management and performance
EMERGING PARENTING TRENDS IN AFRICA: CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS, ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK, AND ASSESSING DIVERSE EMERGING PARENTING TRENDS
Purpose of the Study: To examine the evolving landscape of parenting across Africa in the context of globalization, urbanization, and technological advancement, and to explore how traditional cultural values interact with contemporary parenting influences and practices. Statement of the Problem: Rapid social, economic, and technological transformations across Africa are reshaping family structures, parenting styles, and child-rearing practices. These changes create tensions between traditional cultural values and modern influences. Methodology: The study employed a literature review to synthesize existing scholarly work on parenting practices in Africa. The review was guided by theoretical perspectives, including Ecological Systems Theory and strengths-based approaches. Findings: The review revealed significant shifts in parenting practices across Africa, including the increasing adoption of authoritative parenting styles, greater paternal involvement, the emergence of digital parenting, and evolving gender roles. It also found that education, migration, urbanization, and socioeconomic changes have substantially influenced family dynamics and child-rearing practices. Additionally, emerging trends such as neo-colonial influences, daycare expansion, fostering practices, and the role of social fathers are shaping contemporary parenting experiences. Conclusion: Parenting in Africa is increasingly characterized by a hybrid model that blends traditional cultural values with modern parenting practices. This demonstrates the adaptability and resilience of African families in responding to changing social and global realities. Recommendation: Policymakers, educators, and child development practitioners should promote culturally responsive parenting programs that balance traditional values with contemporary child development principles. Keywords: African parenting, globalization, cultural values, digital parenting, urbanization, family systems, gender roles, child development, parenting trends, ecological systems theory
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND SME PERFORMANCE: AN ANALYTICAL SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF RELATIONSHIPS, PATTERNS AND CASUAL MECHANISMS
Purpose of the study: This study systematically examined how digital transformation and entrepreneurial orientation interact to influence the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with a particular focus on uncovering the underlying causal relationships, mechanisms, and contextual conditions that shape performance outcomes. Problem statement: Although digital transformation is widely recognized as a key driver of competitiveness among SMEs, existing evidence reveals inconsistent and uneven performance outcomes. A significant proportion of SMEs, particularly in developing economies, adopt digital technologies without realizing measurable gains, highlighting a persistent gap between adoption and value creation. This inconsistency points to the limitations of linear perspectives and underscores the need to understand how strategic orientation, innovation processes, and contextual constraints jointly influence SME performance. Method/methodology: The study adopts a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, guided by PRISMA 2020 protocols, to synthesize peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025. Relevant literature was sourced from major academic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. A thematic and narrative synthesis was employed to identify patterns, contradictions, and causal mechanisms across studies. Results of the study: The findings reveal that digital transformation does not directly enhance SME performance but operates through innovation capability as a central mediating mechanism. Entrepreneurial orientation emerges as a critical strategic driver that shapes both the adoption and effectiveness of digital transformation initiatives. Additionally, financial capacity significantly moderates these relationships, influencing the extent to which SMEs can translate digital investments into tangible performance gains. Overall, the results highlight that SME performance is shaped by complex, non-linear interactions rather than isolated factors. Conclusion and policy recommendation: The study concludes that a mechanism-based and context-sensitive approach is essential for understanding SME performance in the digital era. Policymakers should prioritize improving access to finance, strengthening digital infrastructure, and fostering innovation capabilities among SMEs. Practitioners are encouraged to align digital transformation efforts with strong entrepreneurial orientation and innovation strategies to maximize value creation. Keywords: Digital transformation, entrepreneurial orientation, SME performance, innovation capability, financial capacity
INFLUENCE OF LOWERED EXPECTATIONS ON THE SCHOOL ENGAGEMENT OF LEARNERS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT
The study investigated the negative impact of the low expectations of learners with hearing impairment on school engagement in Migori County, Kenya. The negative impact of the low expectations held for young learners with hearing impairment must be recognized for the purposes of fully engaging these learners in school. These low expectations, largely the result of negative perceptions that teachers, fellow students and society generally hold, are very likely to lead to poor motivation, self-esteem, and academic goals that, consequently, affect the learners’ behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement in school. The study was based on the Ecological Systems Theory and used a convergent mixed-methods research design. It targeted 1,469 learners with hearing impairment, teachers, and head teachers, and officers of the Educational Assessment and Resource Centre (EARC) and Sub-County Education from Special Schools and integrated Units in Migori County. Purposive sampling was used to select the relevant study participants. Data collection involved questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings indicated that school engagement of learners with hearing impairment was negatively impacted by low expectations. Learners with low learner expectations reported low motivation, low self-efficacy, and low engagement in school. Qualitative data reported poor learners’ self-efficacy, low academic goals, and low engagement in school, which were the direct results of the low expectation. The study showed that school engagement of learners with hearing impairment is negatively impacted by the low expectations. It recommended addressing negative perceptions and low expectations associated with learners with hearing impairment by promoting positive attitudes and employing instructional practices that encourage high expectations, thereby improving their school engagement. Keywords: Lowered Expectations, School Engagement, Hearing Impairment, Inclusive Education, Learner Motivation, Educational Equity.
INFLUENCE OF TRAUMA SEVERITY ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN THE INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF NAIROBI AND KISUMU, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined how trauma severity affects the psychological well-being of women survivors of political violence in informal settlements in Nairobi and Kisumu, Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Women living in structurally vulnerable informal settlements continue to experience lasting psychological effects of political violence, yet limited attention has been given to how the severity of trauma shapes their broader well-being and daily functioning. Methods: The study adopted a convergent mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected from 200 respondents using standardized trauma and well-being scales, while qualitative data provided contextual insights into survivors’ lived experiences. Findings: The findings revealed high trauma intensity, including intrusive recollections, emotional distress, hyperarousal, and avoidance behaviors. Increased trauma severity was associated with reduced autonomy, weakened social functioning, poor emotional regulation, and diminished sense of purpose. Conclusion: Trauma severity is a major determinant of psychological well-being among women survivors of political violence, affecting not only mental health symptoms and life functioning. Recommendation: The study recommends integrated, community-based, trauma-informed interventions that address both psychological recovery and the structural conditions affecting women in conflict-affected informal settlements. Keywords: Trauma Severity, Psychological Well-Being, Political Violence, Women Survivors, Informal Settlements, Kenya
THE INFLUENCE OF POST-TRAUMA INTERVENTION STRATEGIES ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF NAIROBI AND KISUMU, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study investigated how post-trauma intervention strategies affect the psychological well-being of women survivors of political violence. Statement of the Problem: Women survivors of political violence continue to experience trauma, anxiety, emotional instability, and reduced coping capacity. Although formal and informal support systems exist, their accessibility, sustainability, and long-term effectiveness remain limited. Methodology: The study adopted a convergent mixed-methods design. It involved 200 women survivors and qualitative interviews with ward administrators and leaders of community-based organizations. Findings: The findings showed statistically significant negative correlations between structured post-trauma interventions and psychological distress. CBT reduced PTSD symptoms (r = -0.42, p = .01) and anxiety symptoms (r = -0.37, p = .01). Group therapy also reduced distress. Age, marital status, and employment status significantly influenced participation and recovery outcomes. Conclusion: The study concludes that post-trauma interventions improve psychological well-being, but sustainable recovery is limited by inadequate counselling staff, fragmented services, and weak follow-up systems. Recommendation: The study recommends integrated, culturally responsive trauma care combining formal therapy with community-based support systems. Keywords: Post-trauma interventions, Psychological well-being, Political violence, Women survivors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Informal settlements, Kenya
LEGAL AND POLICY DIMENSIONS OF PERSON-CENTERED PERINATAL HEALTHCARE IN UGANDA
Statement of the Problem: Uganda has made notable legal, policy, and institutional efforts to improve maternal and newborn healthcare, including constitutional protection of the rights to life, dignity, equality, and women’s rights. However, many women continue to experience neglect, verbal abuse, denial of information, lack of informed consent, poor participation in decision-making, and other forms of disrespect during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this article was to examine how Uganda’s legal and policy framework safeguards respectful, dignified, informed, and participatory perinatal healthcare. The article specifically focused on constitutional provisions, judicial decisions, international and regional human rights obligations, national health policies, and institutional arrangements governing maternal and newborn healthcare. Research Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative doctrinal research methodology supported by policy and institutional analysis. It reviewed legal instruments, judicial decisions, international human rights frameworks, national health policies, government reports, and scholarly literature on maternal healthcare rights, respectful maternity care, reproductive dignity, and health system accountability. Findings: The findings revealed that Uganda has a strong normative foundation for person-centered perinatal healthcare through the Constitution, international commitments, judicial interpretation, and national health policies. Nonetheless, these protections remain weakly operationalized at the facility level due to limited enforceability, inadequate accountability systems, resource constraints, workforce shortages, fragmented grievance mechanisms, and persistent social inequalities. The study further found that maternal healthcare policies still place stronger emphasis on mortality reduction and service coverage than on dignity, informed consent, privacy, respectful treatment, and women’s participation in care decisions. Conclusion: The study concludes that Uganda’s challenge lies not in the absence of legal and policy recognition, but in the weak translation of these commitments into respectful and rights-based maternal healthcare practice. Person-centered perinatal healthcare, therefore, remains both a public health concern and a legal-governance issue requiring stronger accountability, institutional responsiveness, and enforceable standards. Recommendations: The article recommends the development of enforceable respectful maternity care standards, stronger grievance redress systems, mandatory rights-based maternal care training for healthcare workers, improved facility oversight, and better integration of dignity, informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, and women’s participation into maternal health monitoring systems. Keywords: Legal, Policy Dimensions, Person-Centered, Perinatal Healthcare, Uganda
EFFECTIVENESS OF ADAPTATION STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY GREEN GRAM FARMERS IN IMPROVING YIELDS IN MAKUENI SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the effectiveness of adaptation strategies adopted by green gram (Vigna radiata) farmers in improving yields in Makueni Sub-County, Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Although global and regional studies have documented a range of adaptive practices, scanty empirical evidence exists on the specific adaptation strategies adopted by green gram farmers in Makueni. Methodology: Anchored on the Sustainable Livelihood Theory (SLT) and adopting an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the study used primary data from 387 respondents sampled from 50,280 households through structured questionnaires, complemented by four key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a simple linear regression of an aggregated Adaptation Strategy Composite Index on a Likert-scaled yield outcome at the 5% significance level, with qualitative data analyzed thematically. Findings: Drought-resistant varieties (36.6%), early maturing varieties (29.6%) and changed planting dates (21.1%) were the most adopted crop management strategies, while conservation tillage (91.2%), water conservation structures (88.1%) and terracing (87.6%) dominated soil and water conservation. Adaptation was predominantly short-term, with 90.7% of strategies implemented within two years. Cost (100%), ease of implementation (96.6%), traditional knowledge (93.0%) and peer experience (86.6%) were the principal factors influencing strategy selection. Regression revealed a weak, statistically non-significant relationship between the adaptation strategies index and yields (β = −0.097, p = 0.055; R² = 0.009), indicating that the strategies primarily mitigate risk rather than drive productivity. Conclusion: Current adaptation practices stabilize yields against climatic shocks but do not translate into measurable productivity gains, functioning largely as short-term coping rather than sustained adaptive capacity. Recommendation: Sustained and disaggregated adoption of crop management and soil-water strategies, supported by financially accessible, context-specific interventions and stronger institutional support, is needed to convert short-term risk mitigation into long-term yield improvement and food security in Makueni Sub-County. Keywords: Adaptation strategies; Climate variability; Green grams; Makueni Sub-County; Sustainable Livelihood Theory; Kenya
INFLUENCE OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF MISSION FOR ESSENTIAL DRUGS AND SUPPLIES, NAIROBI KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the influence of resource allocation on organizational performance of Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies (MEDS), Nairobi Kenya. Statement of the problem: The healthcare supply chain in Kenya continues to face persistent performance challenges, including delays in the availability and distribution of essential medicines. Despite its critical role in healthcare supply, the Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies (MEDS) continues to experience operational and performance inefficiencies that affect service delivery and public health outcomes. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive research design targeting all 120 permanent employees drawn from top, middle, and lower-level management at MEDS headquarters in Nairobi through a census approach. Primary data were collected using structured Likert-scale questionnaires, piloted at MEDS Kisumu branch, and analyzed using SPSS version 26 through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Findings: The study findings revealed a very strong and statistically significant positive relationship between resource allocation and organizational performance of MEDS in Nairobi (r = 0.791, p = 0.000). Regression analysis further established that resource allocation had a positive and statistically significant effect on organizational performance (β = 0.505, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study concludes that strategic allocation of financial, technological, and human resources significantly enhances operational efficiency, quality assurance, and service delivery at MEDS. Recommendations: The study recommends that MEDS management should strengthen strategic planning and prioritization of resources by aligning budget allocations with organizational goals, enhancing staffing levels, and investing in modern technology and operational equipment to improve efficiency and organizational performance. Keywords: Resource Allocation, Organizational Performance and Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies
TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE SECURITY FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the influence of technological advancements on the performance of private security firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study examined the effects of IoT utilization, AI-driven analytics, mobile applications, and cloud computing on performance of private security firms. Statement of the problem: The private security sector plays a critical role in safeguarding people, property, and business operations in Kenya. However, many private security firms continue to experience challenges related to operational efficiency, incident response, supervision, accountability, and information management due to reliance on traditional security management practices. Technological advancements such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), mobile applications, and cloud computing have emerged as important tools for enhancing security operations and improving organizational performance. Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised 800 supervisors and managers working in licensed private security firms in Nairobi City County. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 260 respondents was selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25). Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics, comprising Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to determine relationships among the study variables. Findings: The findings revealed that Internet of Things utilization had a positive and significant influence on the performance of private security firms (β = 0.221, p < 0.05). Artificial Intelligence-driven analytics had the strongest positive and significant influence on performance (β = 0.314, p < 0.05). Mobile applications also had a positive and significant influence on performance (β = 0.289, p < 0.05), while cloud computing positively and significantly influenced the performance of private security firms (β = 0.247, p < 0.05). The regression model indicated that the four technological variables jointly explained 61.0% of the variation in the performance of private security firms (R² = 0.610), demonstrating the significant contribution of technological advancements to organizational performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that technological advancements significantly improve the performance of private security firms through enhanced monitoring, communication, decision-making, operational oversight, and accountability. Recommendations: The study recommends increased investment in IoT technologies, AI-driven analytics, mobile application platforms, and cloud-based systems to improve operational efficiency, service delivery, and overall firm performance. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on technology adoption in the private security sector and provide useful insights for security practitioners, policymakers, and future researchers. Keywords: Technology Advancements, Performance, Private Security Firms, Nairobi City County, Kenya
STRATEGIC POSITIONING AND SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The determined the effect of strategic positioning on sustainable competitive advantage in commercial banks in Kenya, specifically examining branding, customer relationship management (CRM), product promotion and innovation and technology as strategic positioning dimensions. Statement of the problem: Despite extensive literature on strategic positioning, limited studies examine how branding, CRM, product promotion, and innovation specifically influence sustainable competitive advantage in Kenyan commercial banks. Methodology: A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target population comprised 117 senior managers (heads of customer care, IT, and sales and marketing) across 39 commercial banks. Using stratified random sampling at 30%, 36 respondents were selected. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interview schedules. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results of the study: All four strategic positioning dimensions positively and significantly correlated with sustainable competitive advantage. Product promotion was the strongest predictor (β = 0.499), followed by innovation and technology (β = 0.324), CRM (β = 0.106), and branding (β = 0.090). The regression model explained 59% of the variance in SCA (R² = 0.650, Adjusted R² = 0.590, F = 9.157, p < 0.001). Reliability coefficients exceeded 0.7 for all constructs (Overall Cronbach's Alpha = 0.819). Conclusion and policy recommendation: Strategic positioning through branding, CRM, product promotion, and innovation and technology significantly influences sustainable competitive advantage in Kenyan commercial banks. Banks should invest in integrated digital branding, value-based CRM systems, targeted promotional campaigns, and continuous technological innovation. Regulators should create enabling environments for technology adoption while ensuring cybersecurity resilience. Keywords: Strategic positioning, sustainable competitive advantage, branding, customer relationship management, product promotion, innovation and technology, commercial banks, Kenya.
ENHANCING STUDENTS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN IMPROVING MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SUBA NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
Persistent underperformance in mathematics remains a significant challenge in Kenyan secondary schools, particularly in rural settings where learners continue to record low achievement despite various educational interventions. Although previous studies have largely focused on instructional strategies, curriculum implementation, and school-based structural factors, limited attention has been given to psychological determinants of learners’ achievement in mathematics. In consideration of this gap, there was a need to focus a study on psychological determinants in enhancing performance in mathematics. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of students’ psychological responses on performance in mathematics in secondary schools in Suba North Sub-County, Homa Bay County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, which explains that individuals’ performance is influenced by their beliefs about their ability to succeed and the expected outcomes of their efforts. The theory posits that learners are more likely to perform better when they believe in their capabilities and expect positive outcomes from their academic effort. A descriptive survey design within a mixed methods approach was adopted. The target population comprised 2,285 respondents from 28 public secondary schools, including 2,204 Form Four students, 53 mathematics teachers, and 28 principals. Using Taro Yamane’s formula (e = 0.05), a sample of 339 students was selected, while teachers were purposively sampled and principals were included through census sampling, giving a total sample size of 420 respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides. Instrument validity was established through expert review, while reliability was tested using the test–retest method. Data analysis was conducted using both descriptive and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation and t-test, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Ethical considerations such as anonymity and confidentiality were observed, where respondents’ identities were replaced with codes. The findings revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between students and teachers of mathematics regarding psychological responses influencing performance (p > .05 across all constructs). This indicated a general consensus that psychological factors such as anxiety, fear, frustration, negative perception, and lack of confidence influence mathematics performance. Furthermore, the results established a statistically significant strong positive relationship between students’ psychological responses and performance in mathematics (r = .614, p = .000). This implies that improved psychological responses are associated with better performance in mathematics, while negative psychological states lead to poor performance. Based on these findings, it was concluded that students’ psychological responses significantly influence performance in mathematics in secondary schools. The study established that learners who demonstrate positive psychological dispositions such as confidence, motivation, and emotional stability tend to perform better in mathematics, whereas those experiencing anxiety, fear, and emotional distress tend to perform poorly. The study therefore recommended that mathematics teachers should adopt supportive and learner-centered instructional strategies that reduce anxiety, fear, emotional distress, and negative attitudes toward mathematics in order to enhance students’ performance in the subject. Keywords: Self-efficacy, Psychological responses, Mathematics performance, Academic achievement.
DETERMINANTS OF EMPLOYABILITY AMONG TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (TVET) GRADUATES IN WEST POKOT COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of Study: The study analyzes the determinants of the employability of TVET graduates in West Pokot County, Kenya. Specific objectives included examining the effects of socio-economic status, vocational training skills, program attributes, and post-training support on employability outcomes. Problem Statement: Youth unemployment continues to pose a significant development challenge in Kenya, despite significant investments in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Methodology: The research employed a descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods design. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used methodologically. Result: Vocational training skills had a significant impact on youth employability, with a moderate positive effect on program characteristics, and a moderate negative effect on post-training support. Furthermore, most graduates found that there wasn't enough connection within the institutions, post-training support systems, mentorship, or industry exposure. The study also revealed that, while graduates in general were satisfied with the technical skills they developed, employment outcomes were hampered by a lack of training materials, outdated equipment, and poor linkages with the labor market. Recommendation: Industry cooperation should be strengthened and that the post-training support mechanism should be institutionalized, including mentorship, career guidance, and enterprise financing. Keywords: TVET, youth employability, vocational training, post-training support, Kenya, West Pokot.
MENTAL HEALTH LITERACY AMONG TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN KENYA: CASE STUDIES OF NYERI NYANDARUA AND MURANG’A COUNTIES
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to explore the level of mental health literacy among educators in Kenya. Introduction of problem statement: The Kenya Mental Health Policy (2015-2030) noted that mental disorder cases in Kenya continue to rise rapidly. Estimates point that 20-25 percent of outpatients seeking primary healthcare present symptoms of mental illness at any one time, while government statistics indicate that at least one in every four Kenyans suffer from a mental illness at one point in their lives. These mental illnesses are evidenced by the rising suicide cases in Kenya and according to police reports, majority of suicide cases are secondary and primary school students who kill themselves in depression-fueled impulses and academic performance related circumstances. Adolescents aged between 13-19 experience intense physical, psychological, emotional and economic changes as they make the transition from childhood to adulthood and this is reported as the peak age of suicide attempts (UNICEF, 2012). Method/methodology: Phenomenological and ex-post-facto research designs were adopted. Population of the study were 38,380 teachers in the 4,491 public primary and secondary schools in the Central region of Kenya, stratified by county. Simple random and convenience sampling techniques were used to sample 207 teachers from 26 schools in Murang’a, Nyeri, and Nyandarua counties. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, whose reliability were estimated using the Cronbach method for internal consistency. Phenomenological data was analyzed using thematic analysis technique, while quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Nvivo software was used for analysis and interpretation. Results of the study: The study found that there was inadequate mental health literacy among teachers in Kenya. There are serious gaps in training of teachers in mental health, and most teachers do not feel confident to handle mental health issues in schools and among their learners. The study further established a significant relationship between social marketing mix and mental health literacy of teachers. Conclusion and policy recommendation: The study concluded that largely teachers have no requisite capacity to help address mental health challenges among their learners and recommended a robust awareness creation and training in mental health across the teaching fraternity in Kenya. Keywords: Mental health literacy, Mental illness, Mental health issues, social marketing mix
EXECUTIVE COGNITION AND STRATEGIC DIVERSITY AS DRIVERS OF FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE–LISTED FIRMS
This study examines how executive cognition and strategic diversity influence firm performance among firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). Drawing on Upper Echelons Theory and the dynamic capabilities perspective, the study addresses persistent inconsistencies in strategic leadership research by integrating cognitive and diversity-based explanations of organizational performance. While previous studies have largely relied on demographic proxies such as age, tenure, and educational background to explain executive influence, recent scholarship emphasizes that managerial cognition and strategic interpretation are central mechanisms through which executives shape firm outcomes. The study conceptualizes executive cognition as the strategic and interpretive capability through which executives process environmental complexity, evaluate uncertainty, and formulate adaptive decisions. Strategic diversity refers to heterogeneity in functional expertise, educational background, experience, and strategic orientation within top management teams. Using an emerging-market context characterized by institutional volatility and elevated managerial discretion, the study proposes that firm performance is jointly influenced by cognitive capability and the integration of diversity within executive leadership structures. Methodologically, the study adopts a quantitative explanatory research design using panel data from NSE-listed firms. Secondary data were collected from annual reports, audited financial statements, and Capital Markets Authority publications. Firm performance was measured using Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q. Fixed-effects panel regression analysis was employed to test the direct and interaction effects between executive cognition, strategic diversity, and firm performance. The findings reveal that executive cognition has a positive and statistically significant effect on firm performance. Strategic diversity also positively influences organizational outcomes; however, its effect becomes substantially stronger when supported by high executive cognitive capability. The interaction between executive cognition and strategic diversity demonstrates the strongest positive relationship with firm performance, suggesting that cognitively capable leadership enables firms to effectively integrate diverse perspectives into coherent strategic action. The study contributes to strategic management scholarship by advancing a behaviourally grounded extension of Upper Echelons Theory that integrates executive cognition and strategic diversity within a unified framework. It further extends strategic leadership research into African capital markets and highlights the importance of cognitively integrated leadership systems in enhancing organizational resilience, innovation, and sustainable competitive advantage in emerging-market environments. Keywords: Executive cognition, strategic diversity, firm performance, Upper Echelons Theory, behavioural strategy, emerging markets, Nairobi Securities Exchange
INFLUENCE OF CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MERU COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the influence of curriculum implementation on the performance of public secondary schools in Meru County in Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Despite increased government investment in education and the implementation of school improvement strategies, the performance of public secondary schools in Kenya remains inconsistent. Challenges related to instructional delivery, syllabus coverage, learner assessment, and curriculum supervision continue to affect educational outcomes in Meru County. Methodology: The study was anchored on Higgins’ 8-S Strategy Implementation Framework and adopted a mixed-methods approach using descriptive and correlational research designs. The target population comprised 395 principals of public secondary schools and 9 Sub-County Directors of Education in Meru County. A sample of 199 principals was selected through proportionate stratified random sampling, while all 9 Sub-County Directors of Education were included. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview schedules and analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression with SPSS Version 27. Findings: A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between curriculum implementation and school performance (r = 0.465, p < 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that curriculum implementation significantly predicted school performance (β = 0.407, t = 6.398, p = 0.000). The model yielded an R² value of 0.216, implying that curriculum implementation accounted for 21.6% of the variation in school performance. Effective syllabus coverage, learner assessment, instructional supervision, benchmarking practices, and co-curricular participation were associated with improved institutional performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that curriculum implementation is significantly associated with the performance of public secondary schools in Meru County. Recommendations: The study recommends strengthening instructional supervision, learner assessment, syllabus coverage, benchmarking programmes, and curriculum monitoring mechanisms to enhance curriculum implementation and improve school performance outcomes in public secondary schools. Keywords: Curriculum implementation, school performance, instructional delivery, public secondary schools, strategic implementation, Meru County
TALENT DEVELOPMENT AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN COUNTY REFERRAL HOSPITALS IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined the influence of talent development on service delivery in County referral hospitals in Kenya. It specifically investigated how knowledge management, motivation and delegation of duties influences service delivery. Statement of the Problem: County referral hospitals continue to experience persistent inefficiencies in service delivery despite substantial investments in Kenya’s health sector under the devolved system of governance. These inefficiencies are characterized by prolonged patient waiting times, workforce skill mismatches, inconsistent clinical performance, and uneven service quality across facilities. Prior evidence suggests that weak human capital development systems significantly undermine public sector performance. However, empirical evidence linking talent development practices to service delivery outcomes in Kenyan County referral hospitals remains limited and fragmented. Research Methodology: The study adopted a quantitative research design anchored on positivist philosophy. A total of 171 respondents, comprising Medical Superintendent, Deputy Medical Superintendent, Hospital Administrator, Head of Clinical Services, junior clinical and non‑clinical staff, and patients were selected using stratified random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires based on Likert-scale items, while secondary data were obtained from the Ministry of Health performance reports and county health records. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 29, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and simple linear regression. Findings: The results reveal a strong and statistically significant positive relationship between talent development and service delivery (R² = 0.64, β = 0.671, p < 0.001). The findings indicate that hospitals with structured training systems, continuous professional development frameworks, and effective mentorship programs demonstrate significantly higher levels of service efficiency, clinical accuracy, and patient satisfaction. Conclusion: The study concludes that talent development is a critical determinant of service delivery in County referral hospitals in Kenya. Investment in human capital development significantly enhances institutional capacity, operational efficiency, and healthcare outcomes. Recommendations: County governments should institutionalize structured training systems, strengthen continuous professional development frameworks, and implement comprehensive career progression and mentorship systems to improve service delivery outcomes in public hospitals. Keywords: Talent Development, Service Delivery, Human Resource Development, County Referral Hospitals, Kenya, Healthcare Performance.
CREDIT INFORMATION EXCHANGE AND CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT AMONG SACCOs IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the effect of credit information exchange on credit risk management among deposit-taking SACCOs in Nairobi City County, Kenya, focusing on its influence on non-performing loans and overall financial stability. Problem Statement: Despite the establishment of Credit Reference Bureaus (CRBs) to enhance credit information sharing, SACCOs continue to experience high levels of non-performing loans, indicating inefficiencies in the adoption and utilization of credit information exchange systems. Methodology: The study adopted a positivist philosophy and cross-sectional design using panel data from 46 SACCOs over the period 2018–2023. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression modeling. Result: Credit information exchange had a statistically significant negative effect on non-performing loans, indicating that improved information sharing reduces credit risk. Conclusion: The study concludes that effective implementation of credit information exchange enhances credit risk management. Policy Recommendation: SACCOs should strengthen integration with CRB systems to improve borrower assessment and reduce loan defaults. Keywords: Credit Information Exchange, Credit Risk Management, SACCOs, Non-Performing Loans, Financial Stability
ORGANIZATIONAL PLANNING AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN COUNTY REFERRAL HOSPITALS IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study examined the influence of organizational planning on service delivery in County referral hospitals in Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Despite ongoing health sector reforms and devolution in Kenya, many County referral hospitals continue to experience inefficiencies characterized by long waiting times, resource misallocation and inconsistent service quality. Prior studies indicate that weak planning structures undermine public sector performance. However, limited empirical evidence exists on how organizational planning specifically influences service delivery outcomes in Kenyan county referral hospitals. Research Methodology: The study adopted a quantitative research design targeting healthcare workers and management staff in selected County referral hospitals. A sample of 171 respondents was drawn using stratified random sampling. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from hospital reports and Ministry of Health records. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 29, employing descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis. Findings: The results reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between organizational planning and service delivery (β = 0.355, p < 0.001). The model explains a meaningful proportion of variation in service delivery outcomes, indicating that hospitals with stronger planning systems demonstrate improved efficiency, coordination, and patient satisfaction. Conclusion: The study concludes that organizational planning is a critical determinant of service delivery in County referral hospitals. Effective planning enhances resource utilization, workflow coordination, and institutional performance. Recommendations: The study recommends that county governments and hospital administrators should strengthen strategic planning frameworks, ensure alignment of operational activities with institutional goals, and adopt data-driven decision-making systems to improve service delivery Keywords: Organizational Planning, Service Delivery, County Referral Hospitals, Strategic Management, Healthcare Performance, Kenya.
INFLUENCE OF IMMEDIATE TRAUMA INTERVENTION STRATEGIES ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN NAIROBI AND KISUMU INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to examine the influence of immediate trauma intervention strategies on the psychological well-being of women survivors of political violence. Statement of the Problem: Political violence continues to cause serious psychological harm among women living in informal settlements. These effects are worsened by poverty, displacement, insecurity, and weak institutional support systems. Although immediate trauma interventions are often provided after violent events, limited evidence exists on how these interventions influence the psychological well-being of women survivors in informal settlement contexts. Methodology: The study was guided by Crisis Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Narrative Restructuring Theory, and adopted a convergent parallel mixed-methods design involving questionnaires from 200 women survivors and key informant interviews, with data analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square analysis, and thematic analysis. Findings: The findings showed that immediate trauma interventions, including Psychological First Aid, crisis counselling, community-based support, and emergency assistance, contributed to reduced anxiety, depressive moods, and emotional numbness among survivors. The Chi-square results, χ² = 61.69, p < 0.05, indicated a statistically significant relationship between immediate trauma interventions and psychological well-being. Conclusion: The study concludes that immediate trauma interventions are important in stabilising women survivors of political violence during acute crisis periods. Recommendation: The study recommends the establishment of structured, professional, and long-term psychosocial support frameworks within informal settlements. Keywords: Immediate Trauma Interventions, Psychological First Aid, Political Violence, Women Survivors, Psychological Well-Being, Informal Settlements, Kenya.
LEVEL AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS UTILIZATION AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS AT MBAGATHI COUNTY REFERRAL HOSPITAL, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study sought to assess the level of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) utilization and determine how socio-demographic characteristics influenced utilization patterns among healthcare workers at Mbagathi County Referral Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Despite over a decade of EMR implementation in Kenyan public hospitals, utilization gaps continue to persist, especially in public healthcare facilities. These gaps are linked to challenges such as unreliable internet connectivity, insufficient hardware, low uptake among some healthcare workers, and data inconsistencies between electronic and paper-based records. Methodology: The study adopted an analytical cross-sectional design integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. A sample of 210 healthcare workers was drawn from a target population of 449 using stratified random sampling proportional to cadre size. Data were collected using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire and a focus group discussion involving eight purposively selected participants. EMR utilization was measured through self-reported frequency of use. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression in SPSS Version 24, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Findings: The findings revealed that the majority of respondents, 72.1%, reported full EMR utilization, while 27.9% were classified as partial utilizers. Age was significantly associated with EMR utilization, χ² = 18.691, p = 0.001, with the highest full utilization recorded among healthcare workers aged 26–35 years at 50.7%. Education level was also significantly associated with EMR utilization, χ² = 13.900, p = 0.003, with diploma holders recording the highest full utilization at 70.7%. Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of healthcare workers at Mbagathi County Referral Hospital were utilizing EMRs. Age and education level were significant socio-demographic predictors of EMR utilization, while gender did not significantly influence utilization patterns. Recommendation: The study recommends targeted practical EMR training and refresher programs, particularly for older healthcare workers and partial utilizers, to bridge existing utilization gaps and strengthen effective EMR use in routine healthcare service delivery. Keywords: Socio-Demographic, Predictors, Electronic, Medical Records, Healthcare Workers
THE ROLE OF POLITICS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY IN NIGERIA
Purpose of the Study: This paper explains the relationship between politics and the implementation of public policy, with specific focus on the Nigerian context. It examines how politics influences policy development, legitimization, and implementation outcomes. Methodology: The study used a qualitative and analytical approach to investigate how political interests influence the bureaucratic process and shape the implementation of public policies in Nigeria. Findings: The findings reveal that political actors often develop and influence policies to serve partisan or personal interests. This weakens the bureaucratic process, undermines effective implementation, and contributes to poor governance outcomes. Conclusion: The paper concludes that effective policy implementation in Nigeria requires political will, constant policy review, good public administration, effective political communication, and accountability mechanisms that separate public administrative processes from political interference. Keywords: Politics, Policy Implementation, Governance, Communication, Public Administration, Nigeria
EFFECT OF STRATEGIC CONTROLS ON PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: To examine the effect of strategic control on the performance of agricultural cooperative societies in Kenya, with emphasis on governance, accountability, sustainability, and the moderating role of firm size. Statement of the Problem: Agricultural cooperative societies in Kenya face governance weaknesses, inefficiencies, and accountability challenges that affect their performance and sustainability. Limited empirical evidence exists on the influence of strategic controls and the moderating role of firm size on cooperative performance. Methodology: Anchored in trait leadership theory, the study adopted a mixed research design integrating descriptive and explanatory approaches. The target population comprised 1,206 agricultural cooperative societies across five counties in Kenya, from which a sample of 301 was selected using Yamane’s formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and secondary records from the State Department of Cooperatives (2019–2023). Analysis was conducted using SPSS through correlation and regression. Findings: The study found that strategic controls, including premises monitoring, special alert systems, and implementation controls, have a strong, statistically significant effect on cooperative performance. These controls enhance accountability, efficiency, adaptability, and resilience. The findings further revealed that firm size positively moderates the relationship between strategic controls and performance, with larger cooperatives experiencing stronger benefits due to improved accountability frameworks and management. Conclusion: The study concludes that strategic controls are critical governance and strategic leadership mechanisms that enhance sustainable performance in agricultural cooperative societies. Firm size strengthens the effectiveness of these controls in improving organizational outcomes. Recommendation: The study recommends that cooperative societies institutionalize structured monitoring and evaluation systems to strengthen accountability, adaptability, and long-term sustainability. Keywords: Strategic control, agricultural cooperative societies, organizational performance, firm size, governance, accountability, sustainability, Kenya
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE AS A CULTURAL PREDICTOR OF JUDGMENTS TOWARD CONDOM TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENTS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The aim of the study was to determine whether Uncertainty Avoidance is a predictor of university students in Kenya, judgements towards condom television advertisements. Problem statement: Uncertainty Avoidance is the extent to which people are uncomfortable with uncertainty and prefer known, predictable answers. Cultural orientations play a very important role in the reception of messages in health communication, especially in messages that deal with sexuality, threat and morality, like condom TV commercials. Methodology: Cross section survey method (quantitative) was used in the study. Items used to assess the uncertainty avoidance in judgment of condom television advertisement were structured questionnaires which were answered by the respondents who were University students in Kenya. The answer patterns were measured by descriptive statistics and uncertainty avoidance, and judgement were measured with regression analysis. Findings: Descriptive results reveal that the participants prioritized solutions to health problems that are organized and reliable with uncertainty-averse types. Social ambivalence, however, was apparent about condom promotion in the public sphere, and continued conservative social norms and taboos about condom promotion were evident, with many respondents seeing the promotion of condoms as immoral. Regression analysis indicated that uncertainty avoidance was not a significant predictor of judgments of condom TV ads (b = 0.041, p < 0.01). Recommendation: Condom television advertisements that are culturally sensitive, norm-consistent and well-structured should be developed to reflect the social norms of society and reflect public health goals among the youth. Keywords: Norms, Values, Beliefs, Uncertainty avoidance, Culture
RISK ASSOCIATED WITH MARIJUANA AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MINDFULNESS BASED COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF ADDICTION AMONG YOUTHS IN SELECTED REHABILITATION CENTRES IN KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (MB-CBT) in managing marijuana addiction among youths aged 18–35 years. This research was guided by the following objectives; To establish the risk factors associated with marijuana addiction among the youth in selected rehabilitation centres in Kenya; To evaluate the effectiveness of MBCBT in managing marijuana addiction among the youth in selected rehabilitation centres in Kenya. Methodology: The study, grounded in pragmatism and informed by cognitive-behavioural and mindfulness theories, used a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design at Karuri Level 4 Hospital. Experimental (MB-CBT plus treatment-as-usual) and control (treatment-as-usual only) groups were drawn from the same institution to enhance validity. A purposive sample of 60 participants was assessed using the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Emotion Regulation Scale (ERS), and a sociodemographic tool. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha, paired-samples t-tests, ANCOVA, and effect size estimation. Findings: Results revealed significant pre–post improvements in the experimental group, including reductions in craving and emotional reactivity and increases in mindfulness (p < .01), while the control group showed no significant changes. ANCOVA confirmed significant group differences at post-test after controlling for baseline scores (p < .01), with large effect sizes observed across outcomes. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that MB-CBT significantly improves craving reduction, mindfulness, and emotional regulation beyond standard treatment alone. The study provided empirical support for integrating MB-CBT into rehabilitation programs in Kenya and contributes context-specific evidence to youth-centred psychosocial intervention strategies. Recommendation: These results suggest that structured mindfulness-based interventions can enhance existing rehabilitation approaches and strengthen relapse prevention outcomes. Keywords: Risk, Marijuana, Effectiveness, Mindfulness, Cognitive Behavioural, Therapy
STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY MEASURES ON COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KAMUKUNJI SUB- COUNTY
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the influence of strategic implementation of security measures on the competitive advantage of SMEs in Kamukunji Sub-County. Statement of the Problem: SMEs in Kamukunji Sub-County face theft, vandalism, fraud, and cybercrime, which disrupt operations, increase costs, and weaken customer trust. Many SMEs also lack adequate resources and technical capacity to implement effective security systems. Methodology: The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View Theory and adopted a descriptive design with cross-sectional and correlational approaches. The target population was 2,890 SME owners, employees, and customers, from which 353 respondents were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and OLS regression. Findings: The findings showed that respondents perceived security measures as important in enhancing customer trust, employee confidence, operational stability, and organizational performance. Nevertheless, the direct relationship between security adoption and competitive advantage was weak and statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The study concluded that security measures are important enabling factors for SMEs, but they do not independently guarantee competitive advantage unless integrated with wider business strategies. Recommendation: The study recommended that SMEs adopt integrated, practical, and cost-effective physical and digital security strategies supported by employee training and institutional support. Keywords: Strategic Implementation, Security Measures, Competitive Advantage, Small and Medium Enterprises, Kamukunji Sub- County
IMPACT OF AGE, TENURE, SENIORITY, FAITH, AND GENDER ON AUTHENTIC AND CREDIBLE LEADERSHIP
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of age, tenure, seniority, faith, and gender on authentic and credible leadership in a fintech company in Nairobi, Kenya. Methodology: The study employed a quantitative methodology and survey design. A simple random sample was used to select participants from a Kenya-based fintech company in Nairobi. Using a self-administered questionnaire, the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) developed by Walumbwa et al. (2008) data were collected from 58 respondents and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics including chi-square tests were carried out. Findings: The analysed results revealed a statistically significant association between faith and authenticity (Χ² = 34.644, p = 0.000), between tenure and authenticity (Χ² = 28.175, p = 0.016), and between seniority and authenticity (Χ² = 23.195, p = 0.026). No significant association was found between age and authenticity (Χ² = 8.32, p = 0.081), or between gender and authenticity (Χ² = 3.559, p = 0.169). Among the four components of authentic leadership, participants ranked the internalized moral perspective as the most important, recording the highest aggregate mean (M = 4.29, SD = 0.54). Conclusion: The study concludes that faith, tenure, and seniority are significantly associated with authentic and credible leadership, while age and gender are not. Internalized moral perspective emerged as the highest-rated dimension of authentic leadership, indicating that leaders' alignment of personal values with action is the most critically perceived component of authenticity in the Kenyan fintech organizational context. Recommendation: Organizations in the fintech industry and similar sectors in Kenya should invest in leadership development programs that strengthen internalized moral perspective, particularly for leaders across varying tenure and seniority levels, given the demonstrated relationship between these variables and authentic leadership. Keywords: Authenticity, Credibility, Authentic Leadership, Credible Leadership, Leadership.
STRATEGIC PLAN IMPLEMENTATION AND SCHOOL MANAGEMENT IN DAY SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MASINGA AND YATTA SUB-COUNTIES, MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to establish how the implementation of strategic plans affects school management. Statement of the Problem: Despite the growing emphasis on strategic planning in educational institutions, many schools continue to face management challenges in coordination, accountability, decision-making, and efficient resource allocation. Some schools develop strategic plans but fail to implement them effectively, limiting their ability to achieve institutional goals. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-method research design using a convergent parallel approach. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously and analyzed to provide comprehensive findings. Regression analysis was conducted to assess the predictive impact of the independent variable, namely the development and implementation of strategic plans, on the dependent variable, the institution's management. Findings: The study established that strategic planning had greatly influenced the management of Board of Management affairs, teachers' and school staff affairs, and students’ affairs. The findings further revealed that the development and implementation of strategic plans were positively and significantly correlated with school management. Regression analysis also indicated that strategic planning positively and significantly predicted effective institutional management. Conclusion: The study concludes that the development and implementation of strategic plans significantly enhance school management. Strategic planning enables schools to define long-term goals, improve resource allocation, strengthen accountability mechanisms, and promote effective coordination of institutional activities. Recommendation: Schools should invest in training programs to enhance skills in data management, monitoring, and evaluation to improve strategic plan implementation. Keywords: strategic plans, school management, coordination, accountability, and decision-making processes