African Journal of Emerging Issues - is scholarly, open access, peer reviewed, double blind, interdisciplinary, and fully refereed journal focusing on theories, methods and applications in medicine, Engineering, Technology and Applied sciences. The Editorial Board is very committed to build the Journal as one of the leading African Journals of Emerging issues in the next few years to come. The Journal's reputation will be enhanced from arrangements with several organizers of international conferences in publishing selected best papers of the conference proceedings. Aim African Journal of Emerging Issues(AJOEI) is aimed to provide a highly readable and valuable addition to the literature, which will serve as an indispensable reference tool for years to come and provide a medium through which scholars and researchers all over the world publish their scholarly applied and fundamental research works including all new theoretical and experimental findings. Scope The coverage of the Journal publishes research articles and encourages the submission of critical review articles covering advances in recent research of such fields as well as technical notes. AJOEI will continue to provide information on the latest emerging trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. Submission: Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically through the ONLINE SUBMISSION CENTRE Or As Email attachment to journals@ajoeijournals.org
TRACING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE EMERGING AND DISRUPTIVE ENVIRONMENT: A CLASSIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Corporate governance pertains to the power dynamics among organisational stakeholders, highlighting how organisations define and pursue their objectives. In emerging and disruptive environments marked by technological advancements, environmental issues, and changing stakeholder expectations, traditional governance frameworks are becoming increasingly strained. This systematic literature review consolidates scholarship published between 2010 and 2025, exploring how corporate governance has adapted amid disruption. The review identifies five main themes: (a) integration of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors; (b) technological disruption and artificial intelligence (AI); (c) board composition and diversity; (d) institutional and regulatory settings; and (e) the quality of financial reporting and internal controls. Findings indicate that governance frameworks must evolve to improve board diversity, technical expertise, stakeholder engagement, and adaptability. The review discusses implications for managers, regulators, investors, employees, and the wider community. Limitations include an overdependence on cross-sectional data and inconsistent ESG metrics. Future research should explore longitudinal studies, sector-specific insights, and qualitative research at the board level. Keywords: Corporate Governance, ESG, Disruptive Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Board Diversity, Institutional Contexts
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ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL EXPANSION STRATEGIES ON GROWTH OF SOAPSTONE INDUSTRY IN KISII COUNTY, KENYA
The production of soapstone items in Kisii County, Kenya, is one of the oldest traditional handicraft activities and has historically supported local livelihoods through the sale of handcrafted products. The introduction of imported and industrial goods during the colonial period created strong competition, reducing the market share of locally produced soapstone products. Over time, producers diversified their products to target tourism and export markets, although the industry is still dominated by a small number of producers operating within limited markets, contributing to low income levels in the region. This study examined the effect of global expansion strategies on the growth of the soapstone industry in Kisii County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of partnership strategy, proactive strategy, and reinvestment strategy on the growth of the soapstone industry in Kisii County. The study was guided by Industry Life Cycle Theory and Mercantilism Theory. It adopted a pragmatism philosophy and a mixed-methods research design. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from 386 respondents selected from a target population of 10,600 using Yamane’s formula. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS software. Reliability was tested through a pilot study and Cronbach’s Alpha, while validity was enhanced through expert review and proper alignment of the research instrument with the study objectives. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between global expansion strategies and the growth of the soapstone industry. Regression results showed that partnership, proactive, and reinvestment strategies significantly predicted industry growth. The study concludes that effective adoption of global expansion strategies enhances the growth and competitiveness of the soapstone industry. The study recommends that industry players strengthen strategic collaboration, improve reinvestment practices, and adopt proactive market positioning to enhance resource sharing, market access, and competitiveness in local and international markets. Keywords: Global Expansion, Strategies, Growth of Soapstone, Industry, Kisii County
FISCAL POLICY AND STOCK PERFORMANCE AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE: A LONG-SHORT RUN APPROACH
This study examines the influence of fiscal policy on stock market performance in Kenya using monthly time-series data spanning from January 2001 to December 2024. Specifically, the study links key fiscal variables (tax revenue and public debt) to movements in the Nairobi Securities Exchange 20 Share Index, which serves as a proxy for overall market performance. Anchored on Keynesian theory, the New Keynesian framework, and the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level (FTPL), the study employs a linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to capture both short-run and long-run dynamics between fiscal policy and stock market outcomes. The findings reveal that public debt and tax revenue exert a statistically significant influence on stock market performance in the long run, while both variables are insignificant in the short run, confirming that fiscal policy operates through gradual adjustment mechanisms rather than immediate effects. The results further show that government borrowing, when directed toward productive investments, can stimulate economic activity and enhance investor confidence, while effective revenue mobilization signals fiscal strength, improved public service delivery, and macroeconomic stability. These findings underscore that fiscal policy is a critical determinant of stock market performance in Kenya, particularly over extended periods. From a practical perspective, the study highlights the importance for financial managers, investors, and listed firms to adopt a long-term orientation when responding to fiscal policy changes, including closely monitoring government borrowing trends and integrating fiscal expectations into capital budgeting, risk management, and investment decisions. From a policy standpoint, the results emphasize the need for fiscal authorities to design and implement sustainable, transparent, and growth-oriented policies that foster investor confidence and support stable capital market development. Keywords: Fiscal Policy, Stock Market Performance, Tax Revenue, Public Debt, Nairobi Securities Exchange 20 Share Index
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN ABA, ABIA STATE, NIGERIA
This study examines the relationship between sustainable practices and business performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. The study integrates environmental, social, and economic sustainability dimensions and evaluates their influence on profitability, customer satisfaction, and competitive advantage. A survey research design was adopted, using structured questionnaires administered to SME owners/managers. The study population consisted of 904,721 small and medium enterprises using leather cluster (254,491) and garment cluster (650,230) respectively as the two major industrial clusters. A sample size of 400 was drawn from the population using Taro Yamane statistical formula. Data were analyzed using regression and correlation techniques. Findings reveal that sustainability practices such as environmental (waste reduction, energy efficiency), social (ethical business conduct, community engagement) and economic (cost efficiency, long-term profit) have significant positive impact on SME performance in terms of profitability, customer satisfaction and competitive advantage respectively. Empirical evidence shows that sustainability enhances brand reputation, customer loyalty, and operational efficiency. However, challenges such as financial constraints, low awareness, and weak regulatory support hinder adoption. The study concludes that sustainability is a strategic tool for improving SME performance and recommends increased policy support, access to green finance, and sustainability awareness programs. Keywords: Sustainable Practices, Business Performance, Small Medium Enterprises (SMES), Aba, Abia State, Nigeria
EFFECTIVENESS OF MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING IN THE TREATMENT OF CANNABIS USE DISORDER AMONG ADOLESCENTS ATTENDING PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Purpose of the Study: To assess the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing (MI) in the treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) among adolescents attending selected public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Cannabis use among adolescents is a growing public health concern worldwide, with significant implications for mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. In Kenya, cannabis use among secondary school students has risen notably in urban areas, contributing to the prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of cannabis use, including impaired cognitive functioning, anxiety, and depression. Given the limited effectiveness of existing interventions, there is a pressing need for more targeted and effective therapeutic approaches to address this issue. Methodology: This study employed a quasi-experimental design to compare the effectiveness of MI in reducing cannabis use severity and improving mental health outcomes in adolescents. A total of 80 adolescents aged 15-18 years from two public secondary schools in Nairobi County were randomly selected. The experimental group received six weeks of Motivational Interviewing (MI), while the control group did not receive any intervention. Assessments were conducted at baseline, midline, and endline using the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Statistical analyses, including paired-sample t-tests and MANOVA, were used to assess the effectiveness of MI on cannabis use and mental health outcomes. Result: The study found that the experimental group showed a significant reduction in CUD severity, with a mean reduction in CUDIT-R scores from 15.09 to 9.23 (SD = 3.82), accompanied by a significant decrease in anxiety and depression levels. In contrast, the control group showed no significant changes in cannabis use or mental health symptoms. These results were statistically significant, with large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 1.68 for CUDIT-R). Conclusion: Motivational Interviewing is an effective intervention for reducing Cannabis Use Disorder and improving mental health outcomes in adolescents. Recommendation: MI-based programs be integrated into school counseling services to address adolescent cannabis use. Furthermore, policy development should focus on early intervention strategies, particularly in urban areas where cannabis use is prevalent. School-based MI interventions can play a critical role in promoting healthier behaviors and supporting adolescents in overcoming cannabis-related issues. Keywords: Cannabis Use Disorder, Adolescents, Motivational Interviewing, Intervention, Mental Health, School-Based Therapy.
PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE DISORDER AMONG ADOLESCENTS ATTENDING SELECTED PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) among adolescents attending selected public secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya, and to assess the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing (MI) as an intervention for reducing CUD among these adolescents. Problem Statement: Cannabis use among adolescents is a growing global concern, with significant implications for their health, academic performance, and social well-being. The World Drug Report (2021) highlighted that cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance among adolescents worldwide, and early initiation is often linked to higher rates of addiction. In Kenya, cannabis use among secondary school students is also on the rise, with urban environments like Nairobi showing higher prevalence rates. The increasing prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) poses a significant challenge, as it contributes to psychological issues such as anxiety, depression, and impaired cognitive functions. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of cannabis use, and without effective interventions, these issues are likely to worsen, impacting their development and future prospects. Methodology: This study adopted a quasi-experimental design with a sample of adolescents aged 15-18 years from two selected public secondary schools in Nairobi County. The control group consisted of students from Dandora Mixed Day Sub-County Secondary School, while the experimental group was drawn from Kayole South Mixed Day Sub-County Secondary School. A total sample of 80 participants was selected using random sampling. The study involved baseline, midline, and endline assessments using the Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). The experimental group underwent a six-week intervention using Motivational Interviewing (MI). Statistical analysis was carried out using paired-sample t-tests, MANOVA, and logistic regression to assess the effectiveness of MI and the changes in cannabis use severity and mental health outcomes across both groups. Result: A significant proportion of adolescents in the sample exhibited symptoms of Cannabis Use Disorder, with both the experimental and control groups showing baseline mean scores above the CUDIT-R cutoff of 8. After the intervention, the experimental group showed a notable reduction in CUD severity, with improvements in cannabis use scores and a decrease in anxiety and depression levels, as measured by the BAI and BDI. In contrast, the control group showed no significant changes in cannabis use or mental health symptoms. These results suggest that Motivational Interviewing (MI) was effective in reducing cannabis use severity and improving mental health outcomes in adolescents with CUD. Conclusion: Cannabis Use Disorder is highly prevalent among adolescents in Nairobi County, and that Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an effective intervention for addressing cannabis use and improving mental health outcomes in this population. Recommendation: Schools implement MI-based programs for students with cannabis use problems, and that the Ministry of Education collaborate with mental health professionals to integrate such interventions into school counseling services. Furthermore, policy development should focus on early intervention strategies for adolescents, especially in urban areas, where cannabis use is more prevalent. Keywords: Prevalence, Cannabis Use Disorder, Adolescents, Motivational Interviewing, Intervention, Mental Health
DIGITALIZATION OF CLINICAL PROCESSES FOR PATIENT MANAGEMENT AT KENYATTA NATIONAL HOSPITAL, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY: DIGITAL HEALTH AND SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS
Purpose of Study: This study assessed the level of digitalization in patient management and examined socio-demographic determinants influencing digital health systems use among healthcare workers at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Nairobi City County, Kenya. Problem Statement: Digitalization of clinical processes is critical for enhancing healthcare delivery, yet gaps persist in system integration and consistent utilization, particularly in low-resource settings. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was employed among 327 healthcare workers in the outpatient department, selected through stratified sampling. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Fisher's exact tests, and binary logistic regression, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Result: The overall digitalization level was high (82.9%), with 70.9% of respondents reporting full utilization of digital systems. Billing functions were most frequently used (22%), while clinical reporting features remained underutilized. Educational attainment (p=0.035) and professional cadre (p<0.001) were significantly associated with digital systems use, whereas age (p=0.331) and gender (p=0.659) showed no statistically significant association. Binary logistic regression revealed that socio-demographic factors collectively did not significantly predict digitalization levels (p=0.246). Qualitative findings highlighted resistance among older staff, improved competency through further education, and systemic challenges including inadequate training and limited system interoperability. KNH demonstrates substantial progress in digital health adoption, though utilization varies across clinical functions and professional groups. Recommendation: Targeted interventions should enhance digital competencies, improve system integration, and address function-specific gaps to achieve holistic digital transformation in patient management. Keywords: Digitalization, Clinical Processes, Patient Management, Health Information Systems, Socio-Demographic Determinants, Healthcare Workers
LAND JUSTICE DELAYED: WHY PROLONGED LAND DISPUTES UNDERMINE DEVELOPMENT IN UGANDA AND THE CASE FOR MEDIATION
Land disputes constitute one of the most persistent and consequential categories of civil litigation in Uganda, with significant implications for economic productivity, social stability, and judicial efficiency. Despite land underpinning the livelihoods of over 70% of the population and contributing substantially to national output, a considerable proportion of land remains underutilised due to prolonged disputes. Drawing on doctrinal analysis and secondary empirical data from institutions such as the Judiciary of Uganda, Uganda Bureau of Statistics, and the World Bank, this study examined the developmental consequences of delayed land dispute resolution in Uganda. The findings indicate that land disputes account for approximately 30–40% of civil cases, with many remaining unresolved for five to ten years or longer. During this period, disputed land is frequently withdrawn from productive use, access to credit is constrained, and households incur significant litigation-related costs. The study further finds that prolonged adjudication contributes to judicial backlog and systemic inefficiency. The article argues that the prevailing litigation-dominated approach is structurally misaligned with the socio-economic realities of land relations in Uganda. It advances mediation, particularly early and mandatory mediation, as a more efficient, contextually appropriate, and development-oriented mechanism for resolving land disputes. The study concludes that reforming land dispute resolution processes is essential not only for improving access to justice but also for unlocking the productive potential of land and supporting broader economic development. Key Terms: Land Disputes, Mediation, Access to Justice, Judicial Backlog, Uganda, Land Tenure, Economic Development, Alternative Dispute Resolution
UNACKNOWLEDGED REALITIES: THE CHALLENGES FACED BY DEAF WOMEN IN ADDRESSING GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN UGANDA
Background: Global estimates suggest that a significant proportion of women with disabilities live in conditions of economic deprivation and face compounded discrimination compared to both men with disabilities and women without disabilities. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand the challenges faced by deaf women in addressing gender-based violence in Kampala district. Method: The study used qualitative research of an intrinsic case study design utilising semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 30 deaf women in Kampala district and 8 key informants from state and non-state entities to understand this topic. Results: Findings revealed communication barriers at police stations, courts of law, and local council offices, a lack of preventive programmes and coordination among deaf women, a lack of counsellors to provide comprehensive support to achieve social inclusion, a lack of sign language interpreters, and a low level of knowledge on GBV, possibly due to limited information. Conclusion: Despite Uganda’s legal and policy frameworks on GBV, deaf women’s linguistic needs have yet to be incorporated into GBV dissemination and promotion efforts. Therefore, the integration of Deaf epistemology into current policies is necessary to steer GBV prevention and awareness efforts among deaf women. Keywords: Deaf women; Challenges; Gender-Based Violence; Sign language, Kampala, Uganda.
INFLUENCE OF REWARD MANAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA: A CASE STUDY OF OASIS ACADEMY
Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence employee retention in private primary schools in Kenya. Specifically, the paper focused on the influence of reward management on employee retention in private primary schools in Kenya. Problem Statement: Private primary schools play a significant role in supporting access to basic education in Kenya. However, many of these institutions experience high employee turnover, particularly among teachers and support staff. Frequent staff turnover disrupts learning continuity, reduces institutional stability and affects overall quality of education. Despite the growing number of private primary schools, limited empirical evidence exists on how these factors affect employee retention. It is against this gap that this study will be undertaken to evaluate the influence of reward management on employee retention in private primary schools in Kenya with a case study of Oasis Academy. Methodology: The descriptive research design was used to guide the entire research process. Questionnaires were used for collection of primary data. The target population was 50 teachers at Oasis Academy. This was a census study. Data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through descriptive statistics. The results were presented using tables, figures, percentages and frequencies. Result: The results were presented using tables, figures, percentages and frequencies. The findings demonstrated that reward management had a great influence on employee retention with salary often cited as a reason why employees chose to leave or remain. Recommendation: The study recommends that private primary schools should come up with competitive reward systems to be able to retain their employees. Adopting a total reward approach will go a long way in retaining teachers in private primary schools. Keywords: Retention, Reward Management, Private Primary Schools
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING STYLES AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: This study examined the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among adolescents aged 9-17 years in a rural Kenyan setting and assessed the influence of selected sociodemographic factors. Problem Statement: Low self-esteem among adolescents is linked to poor academic performance, social withdrawal, and a higher risk of psychosocial issues. Although existing research shows that parenting styles greatly influence self-esteem, most studies focus on urban populations, with limited evidence from rural areas where family dynamics and environmental factors may differ. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional correlational design was employed. Data were collected from 677 adolescents aged 9-17 years using modified versions of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis to examine relationships and predictive effects. Results of the Study: Authoritative parenting was the most common style (42.1%), while neglectful parenting was the least frequent (12.1%). Most adolescents reported moderate self-esteem, with 14.5% exhibiting low self-esteem. There was a strong positive correlation between authoritative parenting and self-esteem (r = .542, p < .001), whereas neglectful (r = -.518, p < .001), authoritarian (r = -.385, p < .001), and permissive (r = -.276, p < .001) parenting styles were significantly negatively associated. Regression analysis identified authoritative parenting as the strongest positive predictor of self-esteem, while neglectful and authoritarian parenting were significant predictors of lower self-esteem. The most prevalent factors affecting adolescent self-esteem included family structure, parental education, and age. Conclusion and Policy Recommendation: Parenting styles have a significant impact on adolescent self-esteem in rural Kenyan communities. The findings highlight the importance of promoting authoritative parenting through targeted parental education programs. Keywords: Parenting styles, Self-esteem, Adolescents, Rural communities, Kenya
CHALLENGES FACING PARENTS IN SUPPORTING IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPETENCY-BASED CURRICULUM (CBC) IN KENYA
Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between parents view and teacher’s perception on the challenges parents face while supporting implementation Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC). Statement of the Problem: With the adoption of the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC), which emphasizes learner-centered approaches, practical skills, and holistic development, Kenya's educational system underwent a significant paradigm shift from the 8-4-4 system. While the goal of CBC is to help learners become more capable, creative, and adaptable, parent involvement is crucial to the program's successful implementation, yet many parents face significant challenges in fulfilling this role. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-methods approach using surveys, with a sample of 142 parents and 86 teachers drawn from selected public and private primary schools implementing CBC. Findings: The study established that the key challenges facing parents included the digital divide, lack of curriculum comprehension, mental and emotional stress, poor communication with schools, pressure to provide materials, and time constraints, with a statistically significant relationship confirmed between parents' views and teachers' perceptions at p<.05. Conclusion: The study concluded that inconsistency between CBC policy expectations and parental capacity poses a serious threat to equitable and successful implementation of CBC in public primary schools. Recommendations: The study recommends that the government and educational stakeholders develop inclusive engagement strategies, community education programs, and support systems to enable parents to effectively fulfill their evolving role under the CBC framework. Keywords: Basic Education, Kenya Education System, Learner-centered Approach, CBC Implementation Barriers, Parental Support
CONTEMPORARY AND EMERGING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Purpose of Study: The purpose of this review was to examine how organizations leverage on human resource management practices to sustain their performance in a contemporary business environment characterized by digital transformation, environmental consciousness and shifting workforce demographics. Problem Statement: With a lack of clear understanding of the mechanisms through which human resource management practices affect organizational performance, there is need to delve into the mediating and moderating mechanism that try to explain this relationship in light of a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment. Methodology: The synthesized research predominantly utilized quantitative, cross-sectional survey designs to examine causal relationships between variables where data was collected was across a diverse array of sectors and regions. Result: The results of the meta-analysis are categorized into four primary thematic areas: Performance Outcomes, Sustainability and Green Behavior, Psychological and Social Dynamics, and Technological Integration. Conclusion: Innovative HRM practices enhance job performance though the relationship is often partially mediated by innovative work behaviour, human capital and organizational commitment. Training and development, green human resource management, and psychological dimensions have an influence on the relationship between human resource management practices and organizational performance. Recommendation: Organizations should hire for attitude and train for skill. Managers should avoid universalistic approaches while organizations should support the formal HR policies through informal innovative or green culture. Keywords: HRM practices, Organizational Performance, Green HRM, environment
E-PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROCUREMENT FUNCTION IN THE MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND COORDINATION OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the effect of e-procurement practices on performance of the procurement function in the Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, Nairobi, Kenya. Statement of the problem: Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government continues to face persistent challenges in procurement function performance, including delayed acquisitions, inflated costs, substandard supplies, and limited transparency. Despite a budget exceeding KSh 140 billion in the 2022/2023 financial year and the availability of IFMIS since 2017, only 42% of transactions are processed electronically. These inefficiencies undermine operational readiness and public confidence. Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population consisted of 232 supply chain officers from the 22 departments at the Ministry headquarters. A sample size of 147 was determined using Slovin’s formula, and stratified random sampling ensured proportional representation across departments. Primary data were collected using closed-ended questionnaires which were distributed through google forms and the drop-and-pick method. The pilot study was conducted in the Ministry of Health, where 15 questionnaires were administered (representing approximately 10% of the sample size) to assess reliability and validity. Content validity was confirmed via expert and supervisor review, while reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s Alpha, with all constructs exceeding the 0.7 threshold. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Findings: The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between e-procurement practices and the performance of the procurement function (r = 0.834, p = 0.000). Regression analysis indicated that a unit increase in e-procurement practices leads to a 0.451-unit improvement in procurement performance (β = 0.451, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The study concludes that e-procurement practices serve as a critical driver for enhancing efficiency, transparency, cost-effectiveness, and timeliness in the Ministry’s procurement operations. Recommendations: The study recommends that the Ministry prioritize full integration of digital procurement platforms, provide continuous staff training and ensure readily available technical support. Policymakers and the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority promote capacity-building initiatives and technology adoption to strengthen e-procurement practices and improve procurement outcomes in Kenya’s security-sensitive public institutions. Keywords: E-Procurement Practices, Performance, Procurement Function, Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government, Kenya
TESTING THE MODERATING EFFECT OF BOARD CAPACITY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNANCE PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERICHO COUNTY, KENYA
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study assessed whether the internal capacity of Boards of Management (BOMs) moderates the relationship between school governance practices and financial management in public secondary schools in Kericho County, Kenya. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Despite substantial government financial allocations to public secondary schools, audit reports in Kenya persistently reveal financial mismanagement, underdevelopment, fiscal crises, inadequate infrastructure, and inconsistent procurement practices. METHODOLOGY: The study employed a concurrent nested mixed-methods design grounded in Systems Theory, sampling 72 schools (30%) from 239 public secondary schools in Kericho County using stratified, purposive, and simple random techniques. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, and analyzed using inferential statistics and thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Findings revealed weak school governance practices, limited stakeholder involvement, and inadequate enforcement of financial control mechanisms. The internal capacity of BOMs did not significantly moderate the relationship between school governance practices and financial management. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that the internal capacity of BOMs does not significantly moderate the relationship between school governance practices and financial management in public secondary schools in Kericho County. RECOMMENDATIONS: The Ministry of Education, in collaboration with the Teachers Service Commission and County Directors of Education, should formulate and enforce comprehensive capacity-building frameworks for BOMs. Keywords: Board of Management internal capacity, BoMs, school governance practices, financial management, public secondary schools, Kericho County, Kenya
MSARAGAMBO: THE LIVING LEGEND OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION FROM THE ANCIENT UGWENO STATE TO MODERN DEVELOPMENT PRAXIS
This article presents a critical examination of Msaragambo, the traditional system of compulsory communal labor originating from the ancient Ugweno state in the North Pare Mountains of Tanzania. Framed within the theoretical lens of Ubuntu philosophy and the decolonization of social work, the analysis employs an integrative, decolonial methodology combining historical analysis, ethnography, and participatory action research. It traces Msaragambo’s evolution from a foundational socio-political institution of the pre-colonial Gweno civilization to its contemporary adaptation as a hybrid model of community-driven development. The article argues that Msaragambo represents a resilient indigenous knowledge system that has successfully syncretized with modern governance structures. It now facilitates significant infrastructure projects through a novel partnership between resident communities, a financially contributing diaspora (Wacharo), and local government. However, this adaptation faces critical challenges, including generational shifts in attitudes toward voluntarism among youth. This study illuminates Msaragambo not as a static cultural relic, but as a dynamic "living legend" that offers vital insights for participatory development, social cohesion, and the indigenization of social work practice in Africa and beyond. Keywords: Msaragambo, Ugweno, Ubuntu, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, Community Development, Diaspora Financing, Decolonizing Social Work, Tanzania, Participatory Action Research.
DIGITAL SKILLS READINESS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADOPTION IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AMONG MANAGERS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES IN TANZANIA
Purpose of the Study: This study explored the readiness for digital skills in Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption in Human Resource Management among managers in Local Government Authorities in Tanzania. Statement of the Problem: Despite increasing adoption of digital technologies in the public sector, limited empirical evidence exists on managers’ readiness to integrate AI into Human Resource functions, particularly in developing country contexts. Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative case study design guided by an interpretivist approach. Managers were purposively selected from functional areas including human resource management, administration, finance, planning, and information and communication technology. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, with sample size determined by data saturation. Findings: Most managers possess basic digital literacy and experience with electronic HR systems. However, gaps exist in advanced competencies such as data analytics, AI-supported decision-making, and the ethical management of digital systems. Organizational factors such as training, leadership support, and digital infrastructure significantly influenced readiness. Conclusion: The study concludes that although foundational digital skills exist, significant gaps remain in advanced competencies required for effective AI adoption. Recommendation: The study recommends targeted capacity building, the integration of AI competencies into managerial development frameworks, the strengthening of organizational support systems, and the establishment of clear ethical and governance guidelines to support sustainable AI adoption in public-sector HRM. Keywords: Digital skills, Artificial Intelligence, Human Resource Management managers, Local Government Authorities, Tanzania
INFLUENCE OF IMMEDIATE TRAUMA INTERVENTION STRATEGIES ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF WOMEN SURVIVORS OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN NAIROBI AND KISUMU INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, KENYA
Purpose: This study examined the influence of immediate trauma intervention strategies on the psychological well-being of women survivors of political violence in selected informal settlements. Methodology: Guided by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Narrative Restructuring Theory, the study used a convergent mixed-methods design, collecting quantitative data from 200 women survivors via structured questionnaires and qualitative data through key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. Findings: The results indicate that access to immediate trauma interventions such as Psychological First Aid (PFA), community-based counselling, crisis support, and safe relocation was associated with measurable reductions in anxiety (45%), depressive symptoms (50%), and emotional numbness (42%). The Chi-square test (χ² = 61.69, p < 0.05) confirmed a statistically significant relationship. Conclusion: Immediate trauma intervention strategies significantly improve short-term psychological well-being among women survivors of political violence. Recommendation: The study recommends the institutionalization of tiered trauma response frameworks within informal settlements, incorporating early trauma screening, trained rapid response teams. Keywords: Immediate trauma interventions, Psychological First Aid, political violence, women survivors, psychological well-being, informal settlements, Kenya
LIVELIHOOD SUSTAINABILITY AMONG FEMALE REFUGEES IN UGANDA: A SYNTHESIS REVIEW
This review explores livelihood sustainability among female refugees in Uganda, focusing on the strategies they use, the challenges they face, and the support available to help them build economic empowerment and resilience. Female refugees navigate complex social, economic, and gender-specific barriers that often limit their path to self-reliance, yet they employ a variety of livelihood strategies in both rural settlements and urban areas. The study focuses on four key objectives: understanding the livelihood strategies of female refugees, examining the gendered constraints that affect their economic empowerment, assessing the role of humanitarian and development actors in supporting these efforts, and proposing recommendations for more effective, gender-responsive interventions. Drawing on a systematic review of literature, including peer-reviewed journals, organizational reports, and policy documents, the study identifies trends, successes, and gaps in current livelihood initiatives. Findings show that female refugees engage in both formal and informal activities such as small businesses, farming, and household-level income generation to sustain themselves. At the same time, barriers like limited access to capital, land ownership restrictions, social norms, and weak institutional support continue to hinder their progress. Humanitarian and development actors play a crucial role in offering training, financial support, and market access, but many interventions lack gender-sensitive approaches or fail to address local realities. Based on the evidence, the review proposes practical recommendations for strengthening gender-responsive programs that promote resilience, self-reliance, and social inclusion. Overall, this study offers insights for policymakers and practitioners aiming to create more equitable and sustainable livelihoods for female refugees in Uganda. Key words: Livelihood, Sustainability, Female, Refugees, Uganda, Synthesis
COMMERCIALIZATION AND HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER SESAME FARMERS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NANDOM MUNICIPALITY, GHANA
This paper examines the impact of sesame commercialization on household food security of smallholder farmers in the Nandom Municipality, Ghana. The research design applied was a cross-sectional study, and primary data were obtained from farm households that were involved in sesame production. The research used the Household Commercialization Index (HCI) as a measure of the level of market participation with food security measured by the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression framework is used to address the factors that determine the dietary diversity, as well as to evaluate the effects of commercialization and the most crucial socio-economic and institutional factors. The findings show a positive but statistically insignificant effect of commercialization of sesame on the diversity of household diet, suggesting that greater market orientation do not necessarily translate into improved nutritional results. In comparison, house size and availability of extension services also show positive and statistically significant relationships with dietary diversity which highlights the importance of household labor supply and institutional facilitation in enhancing food security. Market distance is determined to have a negative influence, meaning that when one cannot access markets, the opportunities of income and accessing food are also limited. The other variables such as the size of farms and education have positive and insignificant effects. The results highlight the multi-faceted aspect of food security and indicate that the gains of commercialization are contingent on facilitative factors like infrastructure, institutional and household resources allocation choices. The findings suggest that although sesame commercialization can help generate income, its ability to enhance food security depends on such enabling factors as infrastructure improvement, institutional support and effective decisions on household resource allocation Keywords: Agricultural Commercialization; Sesame Production; Smallholder Farmers; Household Food Security; Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS); Household Commercialization Index (HCI); Ghana.
CONSUMER INTEGRATION AND PERFORMANCE OFCEMENT MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN KENYA
Purpose: This study sought to determine the effect of consumer integration on the performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Despite the critical role of supply chain practices in enhancing firm performance, many cements manufacturing firms in Kenya continue to experience performance challenges. There is limited empirical evidence on how consumer integration influences performance in this sector, necessitating this study. Methodology: The study adopted a positivist philosophy and descriptive survey design, targeting 450 supply chain managers, with a sample of 212 selected using stratified and random sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, while correlation and regression were used to examine the underlying relationship. Findings: The results indicate that consumer integration has a positive, statistically significant influence on the performance of cement manufacturing firms in Kenya. Conclusion: The study concludes that consumer integration is a key determinant of performance in cement manufacturing firms, and enhancing it can lead to improved organizational outcomes. Recommendation: Cement manufacturing firms should strengthen consumer integration practices to achieve sustained, improved performance. Additionally, the findings provide a basis for future research and policy formulation within the sector and beyond. Keywords: Consumer integration, Performance of cement manufacturing firms
DIGITAL COMPETENCIES AND PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY EFFECTIVENESS: INSIGHTS FROM HUDUMA CENTRES IN NAIROBI METROPOLITAN AREA, KENYA
Purpose of the study: The study examined the effect of digital competencies on public service delivery effectiveness among Huduma Centres in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area, Kenya. Research methodology: The study was grounded on a pragmatic philosophical paradigm and informed by the Diffusion of Innovations Theory. An explanatory mixed-methods design was adopted targeting 13,796 individuals in nine Huduma Centres in Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos and Kajiado counties. A stratified sampling approach based on Cochran's formula resulted in a sample size of 549 respondents. Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, reliability and validity of which were ensured using Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis and expert validation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression whereas qualitative data using thematic analysis. Findings: The study found that digital competencies had a significant positive effect on service delivery (β = 0.481, p = 0.000), explaining 30.4% of the variance, with descriptive results showing high staff confidence (M = 4.39, SD = 0.62) but relatively lower competency adequacy (M = 4.13, SD = 0.40), indicating inconsistencies in training depth and quality across centres. Conclusion: The study concludes that digital competencies significantly enhance service delivery effectiveness, yet systematic gaps in training consistency and competency standardisation across Huduma Centres require immediate institutional intervention. Recommendations: The study recommends that Huduma Centres should implement standardized digital competency training, enforce minimum literacy and certification standards, institutionalize mentorship, and ensure all system upgrades are preceded by mandatory staff training to achieve consistent and effective service delivery. Keywords: Digital Competencies, service delivery, Huduma Centres, Kenya
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF PROCUREMENT FUNCTION AMONG SUPERMARKETS IN NAKURU CITY, KENYA
Purpose of the study: Assess the influence of inventory management practices on the performance of the procurement function among supermarkets in Nakuru City, Kenya. T Statement of the problem: The performance of procurement function is central to the operations of supermarkets, ensuring that goods are sourced, purchased and delivered efficiently to meet customer demand. Despite the critical role of procurement function, Kenyan supermarkets continue to face persistent inefficiencies. The collapse or closure of several prominent retail chains has highlighted serious weaknesses in the procurement functions. In Nakuru City, supermarkets such as Stagematt and Vision Matt also closed amid procurement inefficiencies and related challenges. Research Methodology: The study was anchored on the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model and adopted a descriptive correlational research design. It targeted a census of all 118 employees (procurement officers, logistics officers, and store managers) across 9 major supermarkets in Nakuru City, Kenya. Primary data were collected via self-administered structured questionnaires (using Google Forms and drop-and-pick methods), with reliability and validity established through a pilot test at Naivas and Kipchimatt Supermarkets in Kericho plus expert review and Cronbach’s Alpha (>0.7), while analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression after normality checks, with results presented in tables. Findings: The findings revealed a strong, positive and statistically significant relationship between inventory management practices and performance of the procurement function (r = 0.828, p = 0.000), with regression analysis indicating that one unit improvement in inventory management practices is associated with 0.640 unit increase in procurement performance (β = 0.640, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The study concludes that inventory management practices serve as a critical mechanism for optimizing stock levels, minimizing procurement-related costs and disruptions, and enhancing overall procurement efficiency and competitiveness within supermarkets in Nakuru City. Recommendations: It is recommended that supermarket management and procurement teams prioritize the adoption of automated inventory systems, accurate demand forecasting methods, Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) models, and staff training on real-time stock monitoring, while policymakers and industry regulators support capacity-building initiatives and technology integration to strengthen inventory practices and improve procurement outcomes in Kenya’s retail sector. Keywords: Inventory management practices, performance, procurement function, supermarkets, Nakuru City, Kenya
MODERATING ROLE OF LEARNERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS ASSISTIVE DEVICES IN IMPROVING ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS WITH HEARING CHALLENGES IN MERU AND THARAKA NITHI COUNTIES, KENYA
Purpose of the Study: The study sought to investigate the moderating role of learners’ attitudes toward assistive devices in the relationship between assistive technology utilization and academic performance among pupils with hearing impairments in primary schools in Meru and Tharaka Nithi Counties. Statement of the Problem: Despite Kenya's comprehensive legal frameworks mandating equitable education for learners with disabilities, pupils with hearing impairments in primary schools persistently score between 100 and 200 marks against the national average of 250. This persistent performance gap, particularly evident in Meru and Tharaka Nithi Counties, raises concerns about the effectiveness of existing interventions. Methodology: Guided by Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (1986), the study employed a descriptive survey design across three special primary schools, drawing a sample of 98 respondents from a population of 318 using proportionate and purposive sampling, with data collected through questionnaires, interview schedules, and focus group discussions, validated through piloting (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.71), and analyzed using SPSS v26 for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Findings: The findings revealed that 55.8% of learners held negative attitudes toward assistive devices, largely driven by stigma (65.2%), inadequate technical support, and limited teacher encouragement. Moderated Multiple Regression analysis confirmed that learners’ attitudes significantly moderate the relationship between assistive technology utilization and academic performance (ΔR² = .063, p = .006). The full model accounted for 37.9% of the variance in academic performance. Conclusion: The study concludes that learners’ attitudes toward assistive devices play a significant role in shaping the effectiveness of assistive technology in improving academic performance. Recommendations: The Ministry of Education should implement targeted anti-stigma campaigns to promote positive perceptions of assistive devices. The Teachers Service Commission should integrate attitude-focused training modules into teacher education programs. In addition, schools should establish peer mentorship structures and strengthen technical support systems to enhance the effective utilization of assistive technologies. Keywords: Learners' attitudes, assistive technology, hearing impairment, academic performance, special needs education
DIGITAL COMPETENCY DISPARITIES AND THE DIGITAL DIVIDE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION IN KENYA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS
The digital divide in secondary education extends beyond access to technology and increasingly reflects disparities in digital competencies among key stakeholders. This study sought to examine whether differences in digital competency levels between students and teachers influence the digital divide within a secondary school context. Grounded in the Knowledge-Based View, which conceptualizes digital skills as strategic organizational resources, the study adopted a quantitative case study design. Study data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to 78 students and 19 teachers. Descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to compare competency levels between teachers and students at a 5% level of significance. The findings showed teachers reporting significantly higher digital competency levels than students, F (1, 95) = 3.979, p = .049. Both teachers and students showed confidence in the use of digital devices and also agreed that access to ICT infrastructure is a major drawback with the lowest mean of (Students: M = 1.68; Teachers: M = 1.74). Both groups also agreed in the perception that improving digital skills improves participation in digitally enabled learning (Students: M = 4.35; Teachers: M = 4.68) but teachers demonstrated a stronger self-reported competency. The findings seem to be consistent with other empirical studies that shows differences in digital skills cause inequalities in learning outcomes. Students showed moderate competencies but were found to have weaker confidence in academic applications suggesting that digital familiarity is not equal to productive use. The study’s conclusion is that access to infrastructure is not enough but targeted skills development programmes ought to be introduced to build teachers digital literacy capacity which in turn translates to more students embracing and participating in technology enabled learning environments. Keywords: Digital Competency, Disparities, Digital Divide, Secondary Education, Comparative Analysis, Students and Teachers
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KAKUMA REFUGEE CAMP, TURKANA COUNTY, KENYA
This study examined the influence of strategic resource planning, donor diversification, strategic partnerships, and organizational agility on the sustainability of NGOs in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Turkana County, Kenya. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 120 NGO employees through structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression were conducted using SPSS Version 26. Results revealed that strategic resource planning, partnerships, and organizational agility positively and significantly influence NGO sustainability, while donor diversification negatively affects sustainability when poorly managed. The findings extend Resource Mobilization Theory, Partnership Theory, and Organizational Agility Theory, demonstrating that resource acquisition is not always beneficial unless aligned with organizational capacity. The study provides theoretical contributions and practical implications for NGO managers and policymakers on how to enhance sustainability in fragile humanitarian contexts. Keywords: Resource Mobilization, Strategies, Sustainability, Non-Governmental Organizations, Kakuma Refugee Camp
AN INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON FUNERALS IN AFRICA INLAND CHURCH: NAKURU EAST REGION
Purpose of the Study: This study investigates the effects of cultural practices on funeral rites within the Africa Inland Church (AIC) in the Nakuru East Region of Kenya. It specifically examines the tensions between traditional cultural practices and Christian teachings during funeral ceremonies, the factors contributing to the persistence of these practices, members’ understanding of the church’s constitutional and doctrinal position on funerals, and the roles of church leaders, elders, and youth in shaping or negotiating these practices. Methodology: The study adopts a qualitative ethnographic research design to capture the lived experiences and perspectives of AIC members. Data were collected through open-ended interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation involving church members, elders, and youth from selected congregations in the Nakuru East Region. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns, meanings, and interpretations. Findings: Cultural practices surrounding funerals continue to influence church members despite established church doctrines and policies. Their persistence is largely driven by communal expectations, fear of social exclusion, and limited clarity in institutional guidance. Additionally, there are varying interpretations among clergy and congregants regarding the compatibility of certain cultural rituals with Christian teachings, which further contributes to inconsistencies in practice. Conclusion: The study concludes that the interaction between cultural traditions and Christian doctrine remains complex within AIC funeral practices. The lack of clear and consistent theological direction, coupled with strong cultural influences, creates ongoing tensions among church members and leaders. Recommendation: The study recommends that the church provide clearer theological guidance and develop contextual pastoral strategies to address funeral-related practices. Strengthening doctrinal teaching, fostering open dialogue within congregations, and formulating practical guidelines can help members navigate cultural and religious expectations while upholding biblical principles. Keywords: Cultural practices, funeral rites, Africa Inland Church, ethnography, inculturation, Nakuru East Region
PARTICIPATION IN CORPORATE WELLNESS PROGRAMS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN SELECT KENYA’S AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Purpose of the study: The study examined the relationship between participation in corporate wellness programs and job satisfaction levels among employees in selected automotive companies in Kenya. Statement of the Problem: Employee well-being has emerged as a critical determinant of organizational success in contemporary business environments, with corporate wellness programs increasingly recognized as strategic interventions for enhancing job satisfaction in demanding work contexts Methodology: The study was conducted at Peugeot Kenya, Oriel Limited and Ecta Limited (Subaru Kenya), employing a pragmatic mixed-methods approach with 156 employees surveyed through structured questionnaires and 6 management representatives interviewed using semi-structured protocols, achieving response rates of 90.7% and 100% respectively. Findings: The study found that wellness program availability (71.1%) varied widely across types, from health screenings (91.0%) to meditation (14.7%), with only 56.4% accessible during working hours, while overall job satisfaction averaged M=2.12 (SD=0.65), reflecting high intrinsic satisfaction in relationships (91.1%), pride (86.6%), and meaningfulness (84.6%), but significant dissatisfaction in career advancement (50.7%), compensation (43.0%), and benefits (39.1%). Chi-square analyses confirmed significant associations between wellness program types and satisfaction (χ²=187.342, p<0.001), organizational factors and satisfaction (χ²=245.678, p<0.001), and participation factors and satisfaction (χ²=156.894, p<0.001), with 75.7% reporting increased satisfaction and organizational implementation quality emerging as the strongest determinant. Conclusion: The study concludes that while physical health interventions are prioritized over psychological wellness, implementation quality ultimately determines satisfaction outcomes, underscoring the need for comprehensive wellness strategies addressing both intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions. Recommendations: The study recommends that HR departments in automotive companies expand wellness programs beyond physical health screenings to incorporate mental health counseling, stress management, mindfulness, and nutrition counseling while ensuring accessibility during working hours. Additionally, organizations should increase wellness budget allocations, secure visible senior leadership commitment, establish dedicated wellness coordinator positions, and implement structured feedback mechanisms to enhance program effectiveness and employee satisfaction outcomes. Keywords: Corporate wellness programs, Job satisfaction level, Automotive industry, Employee participation, Workplace wellness
EFFECT OF REGIONAL ELECTRONIC CARGO TRACKING SYSTEM ON CUSTOMS REVENUE COLLECTION AT NAMANGA BORDER IN KENYA
Purpose: Customs plays a vital role in the economic stability of any nation. Globally, customs administrations are tasked with essential duties, including revenue collection, societal protection, and safeguarding the security of supply chains. As the world increasingly operates as an interconnected global village, the exchange of goods and services across borders has become a universal priority. In Kenya, however, the Customs and Border Control Department has often fallen short of meeting the revenue targets set by the treasury. The main objective was to determine the effect of Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System on customs revenue collection at Namanga border in Kenya. The study was supported by System Theory, Diffusion of Innovation theory. Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population was 234 KRA officials at Namanga border and a sample size of 148 respondents. This study used primary data which was collected using structured questionnaires. The inferential statistics comprises correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results: The inferential statistics comprises correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The correlation results revealed significant positive associations between Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System with customs revenue collection (r=.640, p=.002. Regression analysis further indicated that Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System (β=.227, p=0.002) were positively and significantly related to customs revenue collection. Recommendation: Based on the results, findings, and conclusions, the study formulated several key recommendations. The findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between the Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System in enhancing customs revenue collection at the Namanga border in Kenya. In light of these findings, the study recommends that KRA enhance customs revenue collection by improving RECTS use through staff training, system integration, inter-agency coordination, clear enforcement, and regular performance evaluations, ensuring greater efficiency, compliance, and revenue at the Namanga border. This study acknowledges several limitations. The descriptive research design limits the ability to establish causal relationships fully, and the reliance on cross-sectional data may not capture variations in customs revenue collection over time. For future research, comparative studies across multiple border points, longitudinal designs tracking RECTS performance over time, and cost–benefit analyses evaluating the economic impact of the system are recommended to provide deeper insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of electronic cargo tracking in enhancing revenue collection. Key words: Regional Electronic Cargo Tracking System on customs revenue collection at Namanga border in Kenya
OPERATIONAL PRACTICES INFLUENCING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BUDGETS AMONG SELECTED COUNTY GOVERNMENTS IN KENYA
Since the advent of devolution in 2013, Kenya has operated a two-tier government system where both national and county levels share a common public financial management architecture. However, a persistent performance gap exists: while the national government achieves an 80.76% absorption rate for development expenditure, county governments average only 34.4%. This study investigated the institutional, administrative, and managerial factors influencing budget implementation in selected county governments. The study evaluated the influence of four core operational practices finance, procurement, control, and ICT on budget implementation. Theoretically grounded in Principal-Agent Theory, Institutional Theory, and Public Choice Theory, the study employed an explanatory research design, supported by descriptive elements, within a pragmatist philosophical framework. The target population included 29,978 executive staff across six counties: Nakuru, Kericho, Narok, Baringo, Kajiado, and Uasin Gishu. Using stratified and purposive sampling, 217 high-level officials were selected, achieving a 79% response rate. Multiple Linear Regression analysis revealed that Operational Finance Practices were the only factor with statistically significant positive effect on budget implementation (β = 0.119, p < 0.05), while procurement, control, and ICT practices showed positive but insignificant relationships. The regression model explained 4.6% of variance in implementation outcomes. The study recommends strengthening regulatory compliance in financial operations, integrating procurement planning with budget objectives, proactive risk management, and full adoption of IFMIS and e-procurement tools. A legislative amendment to the Controller of Budget Act is proposed to mandate verifiable evidence of prior fund utilisation before new disbursements. Keywords: Operational Practices, Implementation, Budgets, Selected County, Governments, Kenya